TNCs mu chuma. TNK - izo ...

Mwa mazana a chuma waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse, 52 ndi anthu ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana mabungwe, ndi 48 - States. Lero, mabungwe kulamulira dziko. lobbying Political mvetsetsa lonse la TNCs pa chuma cha m'mayiko ambiri kwambiri kotero kuti iwo malamulo a masewerawo osati kwa mpikisano, komanso inati lonse.

TNK - ndi chuma, mofanana ndi kukula kwa dziko limodzi. Makampani ena angatchedwe ndi constituent, monga kulenga mamiliyoni ntchito ndi ndalama kuposa GDP a mayiko ambiri a dziko.

ndi TNC ndi chiyani?

TNK - motsimikiza ndi chuma ankalamulira mayiko angapo ndipo akutsogolera ntchito akutali dziko. UN Akatswiri kuphunzira bungwe lonse ndi 1960, kuzindikiridwa zitatu mbali khalidwe la mabungwe transnational:

• Corporation amasankha zinthu mwa malo ayendetsa wosakwatiwa, achititsa mfundo coherent ndi kukhazikitsa njira logwirizana;
• Iwo wapangidwa ndi mayunitsi m'mayiko awiri kapena kuposa, mawonekedwe malamulo ndi munda umene kungakhale zosiyanasiyana ntchito;
• ndi mayunitsi munthu mu kampani ndi cholukanalukana, kusonkhezera wina ndi mzake ntchito, gawo ukatswiri, chuma ndi udindo.

mabungwe Global

TNK - malonda 2/3, pafupifupi theka la mafakitale, ndi 80% ya luso sayansi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti gawo waukulu katundu pa msika (25%) ndi kutulutsa ndi mabungwe angapo ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, Nestle amagulitsa zodzoladzola kampani L'Oreal ndi jinzi Dizilo. A osiyanasiyana mankhwala kuchokera sopo Nkhunda kuti Klondike chokoleti uli kampani Unilever.

1/3 kupanga mabungwe mayiko anafotokoza nkhani ya nyumba yachilendo mwa mabungwe transnational, malonda mwa kuposa wolowa dziko. US ndi achilendo TNCs 50% ntchito katundu mu United States. The katundu gawo la mabungwe UK 80%, pamene zogulitsa kunja kwa Singapore - mpaka 90%.

The kampani woyamba wa mayiko

Woyamba gulu lonse ofufuza ena amakhulupirira Templars, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu XII zaka patsogolo, mwa zina, mayiko ntchito ndalama. Woyamba wa TNK - ndi British East India ndi Dutch East India Company, anakhazikitsidwa mu 1600 ndi 1602, motero. The kampani Dutch analinso woyamba olowa katundu kampani. Mega-mabungwe a m'zaka za zana XVII kale anali ndi mphamvu msinkhu boma anatsogolera nkhondo, zinapangidwa ndalama, analenga njuchi ndipo anatenga gawo mu njira ya nkhani ya ndale zamafumu.

mabungwe Transnational mu mawonekedwe ano anatuluka mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XIX ndi zinachitikadi yopanga ndi malonda a mchere. M'zaka XX, awo kuchuluka kwa zinthu chikuwonjezeka kwambiri, anafikanso lonse kudzera chitukuko cha mgwirizano ndi chilengedwe gulu la ntchito. Specialization kupanga chinathandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu zake.

TNCs ndi MNCs

Mwa fuko mabungwe akuluakulu zambiri lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu transnational (TNC) ndi anthu ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana makampani (MNCs).

• TNK - kampani ndi katundu yachilendo, kupanga otchuka ndi malonda ndi malonda ntchito kunja kwa "kunyumba" kwa dziko (komwe likulu lawo lili). Mu US, bungwe zambiri kumaphatikizapo olowa katundu kampani, komanso ambiri TNCs makono anatuluka chifukwa cha kufutukuka padziko lonse la US, mawuwa adalowa dzina lawo. TNCs ankachita zinthu zawo m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kudzera nthambi, bulanchi ndi zina mabungwe. Nthambi ndi kupanga pafupifupi palokha ndipo malonda magawano, kuchita kafukufuku ndi zina zotero .. Ambiri, nthambi kuimira zikuluzikulu mafakitale zovuta. Magawo a kampani, monga ulamuliro, mwini yekha kwa anthu a maziko a dziko.
• OLS - ndi kampani ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza malonda ndi mayiko osiyana mu mafakitale, sayansi ndi luso maziko. zizindikiro zawo zimasiyanitsa monga: Mipikisano dziko ndi Mipikisano dziko kusasiyana pakati utsogoleri. TNCs ambiri amakono a mtundu woyamba, monga olamulidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma. makampani a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana si ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Anglo-Dutch mafuta kuyenga nkhawa Royal Dutch Nkhono ndi kampani mankhwala Unilever.

Mu gulu osiyana akhoza kupanga migwirizano lonse mgwirizano, consortia analenga kuthetsa mavuto enieni.

gulu la mabungwe

Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolowa ndi pachaka n'kopanda TNCs yaing'ono (3-4 nthambi yachilendo) ndi TNCs lalikulu (makumi ndi mazana a maofesi a nthambi m'mayiko osiyanasiyana).

• TNK yopingasa kusakanikirana ndi maofesi m'mayiko angapo ndipo zinabala mu zayamba chimodzimodzi kapena ofanana mankhwala (mwachitsanzo, makampani US galimoto kapena dongosolo «kudya chakudya»).
• TNK nthambi vertically Integrated amaphatikiza mwini limodzi udindo magawo onse a komaliza wagawo kupanga mankhwala umaperekedwa ndi pakampaniyo amene muli m'mayiko ena.
• Osiyana (osiyanasiyana) TNK - makampani amene amapanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku chakudya zodzoladzola. Iwo akulamulidwa mwa mayunitsi m'mayiko osiyana, osati ophatikizana horizontally kapena vertically.

TNCs ndi wapadera a mabanki transnational (TNB), ngongole malonda, ndi kukonza wotuluka ndalama lonse. Mumalamulira pa dziko ndi mayiko misika ndalama, akhale ndi wokondwa kwambiri pa parity tonse ndalama dziko.

misika

mabungwe Transnational nkhani theka la makope onse mafakitale mu dziko, 70% ya malonda dziko, 40% amene - ndi malonda mkati mwa mabungwe ena ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. mabungwe ambiri ochokera ku mayiko ntchito m'munda wa mafuta, makampani mankhwala, magalimoto, zida zamagetsi. Kumalo amenewa, kulenga kupanga lonse kucheza N'zosavuta ndi opindulitsa. TNK - okhawo kumabungwe ambiri, imalamulira misika dziko;

• 90% tirigu, chimanga, khofi, fodya, nkhuni, chitsulo msika;
• 85% ya msika bauxite ndi mkuwa;
• 80% msika tiyi ndi msika malata migodi
• 75% - mafuta, labala ndi msika nthochi.

TNK - ndi ogwira ntchito amene si nthawi zonse chinkhoswe yekha kupanga Mwachitsanzo, Siemens, ndi mabanki lonse, penshioni ndi ndalama ndalama, kafukufuku ndi kampani ya inshuwalansi.

TNK mavoti

Global mlingo zimphona lonse ochokera m'mayiko 62 anapereka mayendedwe a chuma padziko lonse, lasindikizidwa mu magazini American Forbes. Pamafunikanso TNCs 515 kuchokera United States, 210 Japanese ndi 113 Chinese, 56 Indian, 62 Canada mabungwe. Malo oyamba anali banki US JP Morgan Chase. malo ena asanu wogawanika pakati General Zamagetsi, Bank of America, Exxon Mobil ndi ICBC.

The chachiwiri chofunika kwambiri chinali mlingo osiyanasiyana kuchokera Partnership kwa Chatsopano Economy American. Aposa mndandanda wa ritelo wal-Mart Masitolo maukonde wa United States, revenues Consolidated mofanana ndi bajeti ya Germany. malo wachiwiri ndi wachitatu anali Royal Dutch Nkhono za Holland ndi Exxon Mobil. Yoyezedwa mzere anapita apulo, AT & T, Google, Kukhazikika kwa zoipa, Budweiser, eBay, IBM, General Zamagetsi ndi McDonald a. Akatswiri a mlingo wa TNK analengedwa pa 10 miliyoni ntchito, ndipo awo ndalama kuphatikiza ndi matrilioni a madola.

Russia mu kusanja wa Zimphona

Mu kusanja Forbes TNK, ndi Russian mpweya okhawo "Gazprom" walandira malo 16, anatenga udindo waukulu pakati makampani zokhudzana ndi mafuta ndi gasi gawo. Malinga ndi magazini ya US, phindu la "Gazprom" ndi pafupifupi $ 25 biliyoni, ndipo msika kufunika kwake - $ biliyoni 133,6 "Lukoil" ndi "Rosneft" mu masanjidwe dziko nawo 69th ndi 77 malo pakati pa 115 makampani padziko lonse. .

Udindo wa mayiko a mabungwe akuluakulu

mabungwe Transnational otsogolera mu kudalirana kwa dziko kalasi R & D. The gawo la mabungwe waukulu chifukwa cha pa 80% eni luso mayina ndi ndalama allocated kafukufuku wa sayansi. Pa TNK ntchito lero anthu oposa 70 miliyoni chaka kubala mankhwala kwa pafupifupi $ 1 thililiyoni. M'mafakitale ofanana mwa makampani padziko lonse ntchito anapatsa anthu 150 miliyoni.

TNCs ndi maboma

Lero, TNK m'mayiko ambiri padziko bwanji muzochitika zones za moyo pagulu, popanda yekha, ndipo ndiri nawo ulamuliro okhawo. Pali mabungwe ambiri, mwa mawu a zolowa wozingidwa ndi GDP a mayiko ambiri, Ngopambana pamwamba makampani amenewa kuchita malonda mwachindunji ndi maboma. TNCs zamphamvu zambiri manyazi mabasa, kuphatikizapo pa milingo andale ndi azachuma. Akatswiri ndi ofufuza mobwerezabwereza nkhawa za n'zotheka makhalidwe oipa ya TNCs pa mayiko ang'onoang'ono. Pali milandu pamene utsogoleri adafunafuna mabungwe thandizo ndi maboma, ngakhale kampani zotsatirapo zoopsa kwa anthu ndi dziko bwino. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2003, Halliburton (USA) anapanga pangano kumanganso zomangamanga ku Iraq kwa $ 680 miliyoni.

m'mayiko osiyanasiyana Russian

Zikamera a mabungwe akuluakulu Russian, agwilitse udindo waukulu ku dziko msika pa zaka 15 zapitazi lakhala chifukwa cha chitukuko cha chuma Russian.

Kumayambiriro a 2000 analenga zinthu zabwino kuti amasule makampani akuluakulu Russian pa msika lonse. TNK - ndi bungweli, kampani kholo kuti ali ndi likulu la dziko lina kuti mwini chuma yachilendo. Mu i makampani zotsatirazi woyenera TNK mu Russia NLMK, RAO "UES la Russia" MTS "VimpelCom", TNK-BP, "Alrosa". TNK - ndi "Rosneft", "Lukoil", "Evraz", "Gazprom", "Rusal", "Severstal", "Sual" MMC "Norilsk faifi tambala". makampani onse pamwamba ndi katundu kunja, ndi kuwonjezera msika lonse.

Tikumbukenso ndi mbiri Russian mabanki kukhala chuma yachilendo. Zikuphatikizapo "Vneshtorgbank", "Ndalama Bank", "Alfa-Bank", "MDM-Bank". Malinga UNCTAD kuti TNCs Russian akhoza wachinsinsi ndi makampani zoyendera monga "Novoship", "Prisco" ndi "Far East Kutumiza Company."