Ufumu mtheradi

Mtheradi ufumu - boma. Mu dongosolo ili, zikhalidwe za zamalamulo, wamkulu, malamulo, ndi zina ngakhale mphamvu yauzimu Ndipotu ndi lamulo anaikira mu manja wolamulira limodzi.

The ufumu mtheradi unakhazikitsidwa pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana, mu maiko ambiri, amene analipo mpaka m'ma 18. Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, mawonekedwe a boma la dziko la nyengo amene anabwera mwachibadwa.

Mtheradi ufumu (m'lingaliro yotakata) amakhala ngati mphamvu zonse, ndi akatengela apabanja. M'njira yopapatiza, mawonekedwe a boma zikutanthauza ena malire. Mwachitsanzo, m'mayiko ambiri boma lachifumu mtheradi Kumvetsela matupi nthumwi (a Cortés ku Spain, ndi States General mu France, ndi Zemsky Sobor mu Russian).

Pa nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale ali ndi mphamvu zopanda malire, ndi autocrat anali kuwerengera ndi anthu ake. maganizo a anthu pa nkhaniyi kungasonyezedwe njira zosiyana kwambiri: kuchokera malangizo a alangizi kuti zipolowe ndi chiwonongeko cha mfumu.

Mtheradi ufumu mu kufufuza choonadi si chopanda malire, ndipo adali ndi ochokera kwa Mulungu wa mphamvu. Izi anathandiza kwambiri azaumulungu a nthawi. Louis 14 kuposa ena kumatanthauza lingaliro la absolutism mu mawu ake "boma - ameneyo ndi ine."

Izi mawonekedwe a boma amalimbikitsa nthambi bureaucracy anapanga zonse apolisi ndi asilikali.

absolutism ake heyday mu mphamvu European Western anafikira mu zaka 17-18. Nthawi imeneyi, pali zonse centralization ya boma. The mfumu, anapatsidwa mphamvu zokonza malamulo ndi wamkulu, zimatenga zosankha paokha, anakhazikitsa misonkho, ndipo pa nzeru zake kutaya chuma cha boma.

Mphamvu zopanda malire a autocrat anadalira amazikonda anthu otchuka. Aumbike mwa zikhalidwe za kugawikana ang'onoang'ono, ndi absolutism la magawo oyambirira kukhala mofulumira kwambiri. Pa mapangidwe boma izo yodziwika ndi kanthu mwachilungamo mwapang'onopang'ono: polimbana ndi zotsala za kugawikana ang'onoang'ono, ndi subordination wa mpingo, kumayambiriro malamulo yunifolomu. Chitukuko cha mafakitale, zamalonda, chuma cha dziko anali umalimbana kulimbitsa angathe asilikali chifukwa akupeza m'tsogolo.

Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, maonekedwe a absolutism mu digiri ina pano m'mayiko onse European. Komabe, kokwanira kwambiri chinali mawonekedwe a boma France. dziko Umenewu wachokera kwa absolutism m'nthawi ya 16. Ndipo msinkhu wake anafika boma mu nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Bourbons ndi (Louis 13 ndi 14).

Mtheradi ufumu mu England anafika pachimake pa ulamuliro wa Elizabeth I Tudor (1558-1603 gg.). Komabe, mu British Isles maonekedwe tingachipeze powerenga, mphamvu sikuti akhazikitsidwa. Makamaka kupewedwa yamalamulo. Komanso, panalibe asilikali, palibe bureaucracy.

M'mayiko osiyanasiyana, absolutism anali anthu kapena zinthu zina. Mbali yaikulu amasankha chikoka cha zimenezi kapena m'magulu a anthu pa ndale mkati mwa dziko. Mwachitsanzo, mu England ndi France kwambiri kukopa bourgeoisie.

Mu theka lachiwiri la 18 m'ma absolutism anasamukira ku siteji yotsatira. mawonekedwe a boma nthawi imeneyi anali maganizo a choonadi. Choncho, anapanga wa "ŵakusanga absolutism".

Ndi chitukuko ndi kuphatikiza a dongosolo capitalist ku Ulaya, kuli absolutism anali kwambiri kutsutsa kuti watsopano anthu.

M'mayiko ena (mwachitsanzo, France, Russia), zotsutsana pakati pa anthu osauka ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu zake anatsimikiza mu njira chosintha. Ena mphamvu Pang'onopang'ono kubwera kwa zochepa, oyendetsera dziko boma.