Hussite kayendedwe: zifukwa, ophunzira, zotsatira, phindu

Czech Hussite kayendedwe anatuluka mu m'ma XV. mamembala ake ankatsutsa mpingo wachikhristu. Kudzoza chachikulu kusintha anali Czech wazamulungu Yan GUS, amene zomvetsa chisoni tsogolo kwachititsa kupanduka ndi nkhondo yaitali makumi awiri.

Chiphunzitso cha Yana Gusa

Yan GUS anabadwa mu kum'mwera kwa dziko la Czech Republic mu 1369. Anamaliza ndipo anakhala pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Prague. Analandiranso unsembe nakhala rector ya Betelehemu Chapel ku Prague. Yan GUS Pasanapite mlaliki wotchuka pakati nzika anzake. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti anali kukumana ndi anthu m'chinenero Czech, pamene lonse Roma Katolika ntchito Latin, amene sanadziwe misa yosavuta.

Hussite kayendedwe unakhazikitsidwa padziko mfundozo zimenezo zimene anakankhira Yan GUS, kukangana ndi mpando papa mokomera wansembe Mkhristu. Czech wokonzanso ganizo kuti silingagulitsidwe kwa maudindo ndalama ndi machimo. Wina mawu mlaliki maganizo linali lingaliro lake kuti mpingo si osalephera ayenera kudzudzulidwa, mu nkhani ya zopindika obisika mkati mwake. M'masiku amenewo linali mawu alimbika mtima ndithu, chifukwa palibe Mkhristu sitingamatsutsane ndi Papa ndi ansembe. Anthu otere basi chimatengedwa ngati ampatuko.

Komabe GUS pamene mosangalala kupewa chilango kuyamika kutchuka kwake pakati pa anthu. Mpingo wokonzanso analinso mphunzitsi. Iye akufuna Kusintha kwa zilembo Czech kuti atsogolere ndondomeko ya kulemba za anthu.

Imfa ya Huss

Mu 1414 Yan GUS anaitanidwa ku Bungwe la Constance, umene unachitikira mu mzinda German m'mphepete mwa nyanja Constance. Yokhala, cholinga cha msonkhano uwu anali kukambirana mavuto mu Mpingo wa Katolika, imene panali magawano Western. Pafupifupi zaka makumi anai, panali abambo awiri basi. Wina anali ku Roma, zina - mu France. Theka la maiko anathandiza lina la Akatolika, ndipo hafu inayo - wachiwiri.

Pa GUS ndakhala kutsutsana ndi Mpingo, kuyesera kupeza iye kuchokera nkhosa, zinthu zoletsedwa, koma chifukwa cha chitetezero cha Czech wansembe anthu amayendera anapitiriza ulaliki wake. Kupita ku Constance, adafunsira ukutitsimikizira kuti Sudzatikhudza. Malonjezo anapangidwa. Koma pamene GUS anali mu Cathedral, iye anamangidwa.

Papa anafotokoza zimenezi chifukwa chakuti iye ndi amene sanapereke malonjezo ena (ndipo anawapatsa yekha mfumu Sigismund). Ndi GUS anafuna kuti aleke maganizo ake. Iye anakana. Pamene iye unachitikira m'ndende, anthu otchuka Czech anatumiza akutumiza kwa Germany ndi kufunika amasulidwe ngwazi ake dziko. tikulangizidwa awa analibe chochita. July 6, 1415 Yan GUS anatenthedwa ngati munthu wopanduka. Ichi chinali cholinga chachikulu cha nkhondo yoyamba ya ku Czech Republic.

Chiyambi cha kugalukira ku Czech Republic

Reformation Hussite kayendedwe anafalikira m'dziko lonselo. Olemekezeka (olemekezeka), anthu okhala m'matauni ndi Ankhondo sanali chiwawa cha Mpingo wa Katolika loti mtundu wawo. Panali kusamvana pangano ena mipingu ya Chikhristu.

Pambuyo popereka Hus cholinga Hussite kayendedwe potsiriza anatuluka: kuchotsa Czech Republic kwa Akatolika ndi Germany. Kwa kanthawi mkangano ankavala khalidwe m'deralo. Komabe, Papa, osati kuti outdone osokonezeka, anatchedwa nkhondo zomenyera ku Moravia. yokopa amenewa asilikali anali ponseponse pa nthawi. Choyamba Nkhondo za Mtanda amagwiritsidwa kumvanso Muslim a Palestine ndi kuteteza izo. Pamene Middle East anatayika kuti azungu, mipingo maso anatembenukira madera kumene kunali osiyana ampatuko yogwira kapena achikunja. Bwino kwambiri za msonkhano mu Baltic States, kumene awiriwo anakhazikitsako malamulo asilikali kumene kumakhala Amonke ku madera ake. Tsopano ndi kwa Czech Republic kupulumuka nkhondo ya Ankhondo mtanda pa mbendera ya.

Sigismund ndi Yan Zhizhka

Mu gawo loyamba la nkhondo mkulu wa asilikali wa Akhristu anakhala Mfumu ya Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma Sigismund. Iye kusweka yekha pamaso pa Czechs kuti sanali kuteteza Hus, pamene anayesedwa pa Msonkhano wa Constance. Tsopano mfumu anakhala zambiri zokhumudwitsa Asilavo anthu.

Hussite kayendedwe ndinalandira mtsogoleri asilikali. Anakhala Yan Zhizhka. Ilo linali fuko lomveka Czech, amene anali kale zaka zoposa 60. Ngakhale, iye anali wodzaza ndi mphamvu. Knight izi zinadziwika kwa ntchito yake ndi luso m'mabwalo a mafumu osiyana. Mu 1410, anayamba kugwira ntchito mongodzipereka pa asilikali Chipolishi Chilituyaniya, anagonjetsa Akhristu German wa Teutonic Order mu Nkhondo ya Grunwald. Pankhondo anataya diso lake lamanzere.

Ngakhale mu Czech Republic, pa nkhondo Sigismund, Zizka wakhungu kwathunthu, koma anakhala mtsogoleri Hussite. Akapha mantha adani a mtundu wawo ndi wankhanza. Mu 1420, limodzi ndi mkulu 8000th wa asilikali anabwera kuthandiza anthu a Prague, athamangitse Akhristu, amene panali kugawanika. Zitachitika kwa nthawi yaitali, lonse Czech Republic ankalamulidwa ndi Hussite.

Ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ndi moderates

Koma posakhalitsa, panali Chigawo wina amene analekanitsa Hussite kuyenda. The zifukwa kayendedwe ka inkakhala kukana Chikatolika ndi ulamuliro German pa Czech Republic. Posakhalitsa anaima phiko kwakukulu, amene ankapita ndi Zizka. anthu ake anagonjetsa mchitidwe umenewu Catholic, ankachitira ndi abusa zokayikitsa. Anthu awa bungwe msasa wawo pa phiri la Tabori, chifukwa cha zimene posakhalitsa otchedwa Taborites.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, kayendedwe zolimbitsa zinkakhalira Ahusi. mamembala ake anali akulolera ndi Mpingo wa Katolika kuwombola anthu ena zokambirana. Chifukwa cha kusagwirizana pakati pa opanduka mphamvu posachedwa logwirizana ku Czech Republic unatha. Iwo anayesera kuti atenge ntchito Mfumu Sigismund, amene anayamba kulinganiza nkhondo zomenyera chachiwiri ndi ampatuko.

The Kampeni ndi Ahusi

Mu 1421 asilikali lachifumu, amenenso m'gulu magulu a Ankhondo Chihangare ndi Polish anabwerera ku Czech Republic. Cholinga cha Sigismund unali mzinda wa Zatec, yomwe inali kutali na m'chigawo cha Germany cha Saxony. Kuthandiza anazinga linga izo Taborite asilikali amene ankapita ndi Yan Zhizhka. City anakwanitsa kuteteza ndi kuyambira tsiku lomwelo panali nkhondo yosiyana kupambana kwa mbali zonse.

Posakhalitsa a Ahusi ankathandizidwa wothandizana naye mavuto mwadzidzidzi asilikali chikale kubwera ku Grand Duchy la Lithuania. Mu dziko lino, panali kwambiri vuto chifukwa kuteteza chikhulupiriro akale ndi kukana chikoka Catholic amene anachokera ku Poland. Zaka zingapo Lithuanians ndi Russian awo nagona anathandiza Ahusi pomenyana ndi mfumu.

Mu 1423 yochepa bwino Zizka tiyeni pamodzi ndi asilikali kuti bwino kwathunthu dziko lawo, ndipo ngakhale kuyamba kuthandizapo nalo la Hungary. Ahusi anafika pa mtsinje wa Danube, kumene iwo anayembekezera asilikali m'dera achifumu. Zizka sanayese n'komwe kuchita nkhondo, anabwerera m'mbuyo kunyumba.

Kulephera Hungary anatsogolera chakuti kumene wakuthwa zotsutsana amene anagawa Hussite kuyenda. The zifukwa anayambitsa anaiwala, ndi Taborites anapita kukamenyana moderates (amene amatchedwanso Chashniki kapena Utraquists). Ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira adakwanitsa kupambana ndi chigonjetso zofunika mu June 1424, kenako yochepa mgwirizano limzake. Komabe, kugwa chomwecho Yan Zhizhka anafa mliriwo. Ulendo malo wosaiwalika wa Ahusi ayenera monga přibyslav mzinda, kumene anakafa mtsogoleri wotchuka Hussite. Today Zizka ndi ngwazi yadziko la Czechs. Iye anapeza ambiri zipilala.

kupitiriza nkhondo

Zizka malo monga mtsogoleri wa Taborites anatenga Prokop Wamkulu. Iye anali wansembe anachokera wina wotchuka Prague mtundu. Prokop anali Chashnikov choyamba, koma unakhala kucheza ndi ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ndi. Komanso anali mtsogoleri wabwino.

Mu 1426 Prokop anatsogolera gulu la asilikali Taborite ndi Prague, malinga a mzinda wa Ústí nad Labem, amene anagwidwa ndi ankhondowo Achisaxon. mtsogoleri Hussite anatsogolera anthu 25,000 kuti zinali zofunika kwambiri mphamvu.

The njira ndi njira za opandukawo

Mu nkhondo ya Ústí nad Labem Prokop bwinobwino anagwiritsa ntchito njira, amene anaonekera pa nthawi ya Yana Zhizhki. Chiyambi cha Ahusi yodziwika mu watsopano mayunitsi nkhondowo wa asilikali anali wosaphunzitsidwa ndi osayenera nkhondo ndi asilikali akatswiri a mfumu. M'kupita kwa nthawi, vuto limeneli anakonzedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa protestors Czechs Ankhondo.

An luso zofunika anali Hussite kotunga sitima. Chotero anaitana mpanda, limene anamanga ku ngolo ndi kuteteza malo pamalo abwino zofunika pa nkhondo. Izo zinali mu nkhondo Czech ku Ulaya anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti, koma anali akadali mu mkhalidwe m'malo wosazindikira sanathe kwambiri kwambiri zotsatira za nkhondo. A mbali yofunika nyimbo ndi apakavalo, chifukwa cha umene yobweretsa sitima vuto mwalamulo.

Pa WHO anapereka mfuti kuti anawomberedwa mdani ndipo sanamulole kubooleza malinga ndi. Wonjezerani sitima zinamangidwa mu mawonekedwe anayi. Panali milandu pafupipafupi pamene anakoka ngolo padziko mtsinje, amene anakhala ntchito zina Ahusi. Mu chakudya sitima inkatha kwa anthu 20, theka la amene anali a muvi amenya apakavalo akuyandikira chapatali.

Chifukwa zidule mwatsatanetsatane, asilikali a Prokop Wamaliseche kamodzinso lankhosa Germany. Pambuyo nkhondo Ústí nad Labem, asilikali Czech kwa zaka zitatu litalanda kangapo Austria ndi Saxony ndipo ngakhale kuzungulira Vienna ndi Nuremberg Komabe, sizinatheke.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa nthawi iyi Ahusi anayamba kuthandiza oimira anthu otchuka Polish ndi Ankhondo a dziko lino, ngakhale akuluakulu. ubwenzi angapezeke kufotokoza yosavuta. The Zitsulo, ngati Czechs, pokhala Asilavo adawopa wamphamvu German m'dziko lawo. Choncho, Ahusi Mwachidule, anali si achipembedzo, koma anapeza kukoma dziko.

Nkhani ndi Akatolika

Mu 1431, Papa Martin V otchedwa Basel Cathedral (dzina malo a msonkhano), cholinga kuthetsa mikangano ndi Czechs mwa zokambirana. Anapezerapo mwayi maka, ophunzira ndi atsogoleri a Ahusi. nthumwi wakhazikitsidwa, amene anapita ku Basel. Mpingoyo unali otsogoleledwa ndi Prokop Wamkulu. The nkhani, amene anakhala ndi Akatolika, idatha kulephera. Maphwando mkangano wa alephera kukwaniritsa kunyengalera. Hussite akazembe anabwerera kwawo.

Kulephera nthumwi zinachititsa kuti kugawanika wina mwa opandukawo. Ambiri mwa Czech otchuka anaganiza yeseraninso kukambirana ndi Akatolika, koma si powasamalira zofuna za Taborites. Zinali otsiriza ndi fateful chophukacho, amene anawononga Hussite kuyenda. Table zikusonyeza zochitika zazikulu zokhudza chiwembu Czech lotsogoleredwa ndi anaima Chashniki ndi Taborites.

Chomaliza kugawanika Ahusi

Taborite pamene zinadziwika kuti zolimbitsa Ahusi kachiwiri kuyesera kupeza kukondera ndi Akatolika, iwo anapita ku Plzeň, pamene anagonjetsa kotala Katolika. nkhani imeneyi anali kachitsotso yotsiriza ambiri Czech ambuye amene anafika pangano ndi Papa. Ankaikonda tatopa nkhondo kuti kunali kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu. Czech Republic unaphwasukiratu, ndi chuma chake, chimene kudalira ubwino wa ziwaya simungati mubwezeretsedwe mpaka kufikira pali mtendere.

Monga ulamuliro, aliyense mbuye ang'onoang'ono anali wamng'ono asilikali ake, wopangidwa mwa Ankhondo kumuwombera. Pamene ziwaya Union anagwirizana magulu amene nawonso anayamba Akatolika, ndi ankhondo a Prague, m'magulumagulu latsopano anali 13 zikwi akatswiri panopo ali ndi zida. Pa mutu wa asilikali anaima Utraquists ang'onoang'ono Diviš Bořek. Komanso asilikali anagwirizana ndi tsogolo George Czech Mfumu ya Podebrady.

Nkhondo ya Lipan

Taborite amathandiza 16 Czech mizinda yambiri kuphatikizapo yekha Tabori ndi Zatec, Nymburk ndi zina zotero. D. Army ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira akadali kutsogoleredwa ndi Prokop Wamkulu, ndipo dzanja lake lamanja anali mkulu wina Prokop Small. Taborite pamaso pa nkhondo ndi mdani anakwanitsa kutenga malo yabwino chitetezo pa phiri. Prokop ankaganiza kuti bwino wake machenjerero tingachipeze powerenga kuti kugwiritsira ntchito yobweretsa sitima, komanso kuvala pansi mdani Malingana counterattack.

May 30, 1434 awiri makamu mdani anamenyana pa nkhondo yomaliza ya Lipan. dongosolo Prokop yagwiridwira bwinobwino mpaka M'nkhani ya ndi atali-kuukira pamene Taborites anazindikira kuti Utraquists anayamba zinkanamizira mthunzi, kuwatsogolera ku malo omasuka.

Pana madzulo a nkhondo anachoka mu kumbuyo kumbuyo apakavalo panopo ali ndi zida. apakavalo uyu akhadikhira chizindikiro cha kuukira mwadzidzidzi malinga ngati Taborites sanali mu malo chitetezo. Pomaliza, mwatsopano ndi wodzala mphamvu Ankhondo kuukira adani, ndipo ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira anathamangira ku msasa wake wapachiyambi. Posakhalitsa anagwa ndi mwa kundipatsako sitima. Mu chitetezo cha malinga awa anali atsogoleri anapha Taborite - Prokop Wamkulu ndi Prokop Small. Utraquists anapambana chigonjetso, amene adali mathero a nkhondo Hussite.

Kutanthauza ziphunzitso Hussite

Atagonjetsedwa ku Nkhondo ya Lipan kwakukulu phiko potsiriza anagonjetsedwa. Taborites anatsala, koma pambuyo 1434, iwo amalephera kuti bungwe zipolowe pamlingo ofanana nkhondo yapita. Ku Czech Republic anakhazikitsa kukondera ndi coexistence Akatolika Utraquists. Utraquists kusintha zosiyanasiyana zolowa miyambo pa utumiki, ndi kukumbukira kuti Jan Hus.

Ndi lalikulu, dziko Czech wabwerera udindo, amene zinachitika chiwembu cha. Choncho, nkhondo Hussite sanadutsitse ena anasintha kwambiri pa dziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Kampeni ndi ampatuko zingawonongeka zikuluzikulu chuma cha Czech Republic. Pakati pa Ulaya zaka zochepa kuchiritsa mabala a nkhondo.

Zotsatira winanso wa Ahusi zinadziwika okha kwambiri kenako, pamene izo zinali mu zaka za m'ma XVI, ku Ulaya anayamba ndondomeko Reformation. Panali Lutheran ndi Calvin. Patatha zaka makumi atatu Nkhondo 1618-1648 gg. ambiri a ku Ulaya anadza ufulu wachipembedzo. Mokhumbira izi ndi mtengo wa Hussite kayendedwe, amene anali Poyembekezera Reformation.

Mu chiwembu Czech ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za kuti amakonda dziko lawo. Kudutsa dziko, ndipo mukhoza kupeza kuti ulendo, amene adzalola alendo kudzacheza ndi zikumbutso za Ahusi. Ku Czech Republic amayamikira chikumbukiro iye ndi ngwazi wake.