Ziboliboli Donatello: yonena, ntchito, zithunzi

Donatello - ndi ziboliboli Italy, nthumwi ya nyengo ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano oyambirira sukulu Florence. Za moyo wake ndi ntchito ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi. Wambiri ya wolemba samadziwika mwatsatanetsatane, n'zotheka kuti mupereke yochepa.

Mwachidule mbiri zokhudza ziboliboli Donatello

The ziboliboli tsogolo Donatello anabadwa mu Florence mu 1386, mwana wa Nikollo Di Betto Bardi - wolemera ubweya carder. Anaphunzira zaka 1403-1407 mu msonkhano wa munthu wina dzina lake Lorenzo Ghiberti. Komweko adaphunzira, makamaka njira ya kuponyera zamkuwa. Ntchito ya ziboliboli anali kwambiri kufooketsedwa ndi ankadziwa ndi munthu wina wamkulu - Filippo Brunelleschi. Ghiberti ndi Brunelleschi anakhalabe moyo wonse wapafupi abwenzi mfiti.

Dzhordzho Vazari ananena kuti ziboliboli Donatello anali munthu wachifundo, waulemu kwambiri anachitira abwenzi bwino, konse sanali ngofunika kwa ndalama. ophunzira ake ndi abwenzi anaitenga iye momwe iwo ankasowa.

M'nyengo yoyambirira ya zilandiridwenso

Ntchito ya ziboliboli izi mu nthawi zakale, 1410s, anali kugwirizana ndi malamulo boma, lomwe iye anapereka azikongoletsa nyumba zina pagulu Florence. Pakuti nyumba Kapena San Michele (wapakamwa) amachita Donatello fano la St. George (zapakati pa 1415 mpaka 1417) ndi St. Mark (1411 ndi 1413). Mu 1415, iye anamaliza chifanizo cha St. Ioanna Evangelista, kukongoletsa Florence Cathedral.

Yomanga Commission m'chaka chomwecho kwa ulemerero wa Campanile analangiza kudzapereka thunthu ndi Donatello aneneri. Pa chilengedwe mfiti awo ntchito kwazaka ngati makumi awiri (kuchokera 1416 pa 1435). Chiwerengerochi asanu ndi mu Cathedral Museum. "David" fano ndi aneneri (za 1430-1432 zaka) akadali kwakukulukulu kugwirizana ndi ndiye mochedwa mwambo Gothic. Zosokoneza kukongoletsa mungoli Kumvetsela chithunzi, mwangwiro uniformly ankachitira nkhope ndi thupi yokutidwa ndi zovala zolemera. Koma ngakhale zolengedwa zimenezi iye akuyesera amapereka abwino atsopano a msinkhu wake - ndi amunamuna munthu umunthu - Donatello. Ziboliboli ntchito analenga nkhani zosiyanasiyana, imene akuwonetseredwa yolangiza. Izi makamaka noticeable akulumikizana fano. Mark (1412), St. George (1415), komanso Habakuku ndi Yeremiya (zaka za chilengedwe - 1423-1426). Pang'onopang'ono ndipamene bwino, kukhala yofunika mabuku, chithunzi m'malo mmene nkhope, ndi makutu a zovala zovala thupi mwachibadwa, kayendedwe wake wachiwiri ndi kupinda.

John XXIII kumasiye

Ziboliboli Donatello amalenga pamodzi ndi Michelozzo manda a John XXIII mu nthawi kuchokera 1425 mpaka 1427. Iwo wakhala Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za kuti amagwiritsa ntchito m'manda patatha a Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Yaitali mgwirizano pakati pa Osema awiri ikuyamba ndi ntchito imeneyi.

Akuponya kanjedza mu zamkuwa

Donatello kumayambiriro 1420 a, amatanthauza kuponyera kanjedza zamkuwa. Mu nkhaniyi, ntchito yake yoyamba - fano la Louis wa Toulouse, zomwe anauzidwa kuti iye 1422 kukongoletsa ndi kagawo kakang'ono mu Kapena San Michele. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa manda chidwi kwambiri, zomwe zimasonyeza kumvetsa za kupatulika kwa chintchito munthu, zinkachitika mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Fano la Davide

Pachimake cha zinthu za mbuye mu luso la mkuwa ndi fano la Davide, analenga padziko zaka 1430-1432. Bukuli lakonzedwa, motsutsana ndi chosema akale pa ulendo wozungulira. luso lina unali mutu wa manyazi, amene analankhula Donatello. Ziboliboli Davide anasonyeza wamaliseche, osati mu miinjiro, monga mmene anthu ankachitira kale, nthawi yoyamba Zapakati monga mozindikira komanso ngati mwaunyinji.

Ntchito zina ndi Donatello, zokhudza 1410-TH - chiyambi cha 1420 a - chithunzi cha mkango chosema kuchokera sandstone - choyimira cha Florence, mtengo mtanda kwa Mpingo wa Santa Croce, ndi reliquary mkuwa kwa mpingo Ognissanti, fano mkuwa, ili mu Museum National wa Florence pansi otchedwa "Amorin Attis," ndiko zikuoneka, chifaniziro cha milungu wakale wa chonde Priapus.

Ntchito mu njira ya mpumulo

The zatsopano mu njira ya chithandizo pa Donatello analinso chosintha. Kufunika kwa zimathandizadi chithunzi ziboliboli danga illusionary kumabweretsa kulengedwa kwa zimachititsa chilumbachi flattened, mmene kuya kuganiza imagwiridwa ntchito mabuku a panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira. Angathe Musamadzinamize okhudza malo a ntchito njira zokhudzana mwachindunji. "Kujambula" chisel, ziboliboli akuyerekezedwa ndi mlembi wa zojambula ndi ziboliboli. Tikumbukenso apa ntchito monga "Nkhondo ya George ndi chinjoka", "Pazzi Madonna", "chikondwerero cha Herode", "Ascension wa Mariya," ndi ena. Kamangidwe maziko mu malo kwabasi a mfiti kumaonekeranso, ntchito malamulo zokhudzana mwachindunji. Iye anali wokhoza kuti mabacteria angapo okhudza malo amene akutchulidwa ndi.

Ulendo wa ku Rome, wachiwiri Florence nthawi

Ziboliboli Donatello mu nthawi kuchokera August 1432 ku May 1433rd inali ku Rome. Pano iye ndi Brunelleschi obmeryaet zipilala za mudzi, akuyendayenda chosema wakale. m'deralo, monga nthano, mabwenzi awiri a alenje. zidindo Aroma akamagwiritsa ntchito monga kachisi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Capella del Sacramento analamula Eugene IV (Papa), "Annunciation" (ayi -. Guwa Cavalcanti, onani zithunzi pansipa) Kuimba grandstand za makonsolo ndi Florence ndi akunja Dept., anapanga Cathedral mu Prato (nthawi ya chilengedwe - zaka 1434-1438).

Donatello amakwaniritsa classicism chenicheni mu mpumulo wa "The chikondwerero cha Herode", analenga atabwerera ku ulendo wa ku Roma.

Mozungulira 1440 ndi ziboliboli amalenga zitseko zamkuwa, ndi medallions eyiti kwa Florence Old Sacristy wa San Lorenzo (zapakati pa 1435 mpaka 1443). The amatsatira stucco ziboliboli za anayi akwaniritsa ufulu chodabwitsa mu Interiors image, nyumba ndi anthu kanjedza.

amapemphera nthawi

Donatello watumidwa mu 1443 mu amapemphera. Apa akuyamba gawo lotsatira la ntchito yake. Iwo amachita ndi fano Kukwera Akavalo a Erasmo de A Narni (Gattamelata fano). Donatello kuponyedwa iye mu 1447, ndipo anakhazikitsa ntchito anali patsogolo pang'ono - mu 1453-m. Way anali ngati chipilala kuti Marcus Aurelius. Kugwiritsa opendekera zomwe ndi lupanga ndi ndodo Gattamelata (Erasmo dzina), ndi malo dzanja United kanjedza mahatchi ndi okwera mu silhouette chidutswa ziboliboli Donatello. Ziboliboli analengedwa mu nthawi ino, kwenikweni chachikulu. Kuwonjezera pa pamwamba amachita kulankhulana chancel. Antoniya Paduanskogo, komanso chithandizo chosonyeza zithunzi anayi moyo wake umene amaonedwa chimake cha zinthu za mbuye mu mtunda kwabasi.

Ngakhale pamene lamulo pano Donatello ikusonyeza mmene zifaniziro ziwiri kulankhulana. Ioanna Krestitelya ku Florence (mu casa Martelli Ine V Fiorentina), ndi zochepa kwa ndiwofatsa kwambiri. Nthawi zonse kumanga. John ankaimira akuthamanga, ndipo aliyense chala wotsiriza nawo gululi. Nature lacotsedwa chinsinsi latsopano.

Chinthu chapadera luso Donatello lapangidwa mwa chakuti ziboliboli ankafotokozedwa ndi luso chomwecho ndi mphamvu, mphamvu wooneka bwino chisomo. Mwachitsanzo, chosema mu 1434 chosemacho nsangalabwi pakhonde la tchalitchi mzinda wa Prato amaonetsera geniuses theka pambalambanda ndi ana amene kuimba zida zoimbira nyimbo ndi kuvina ndi garlands wa maluwa. Kwambiri moyo m'gulu lawo, ankasewera zosiyanasiyana. N'chimodzimodzinso kudziŵika ndi zina anatsalira-reliefs mu nsangalabwi, anapanga Florence Cathedral.

Donatello zaposachedwapa, kupeza mu amapemphera ntchito pang'ono. Zikuoneka kuti anali kudwala. Ziboliboli kumbuyo mu 1453 ku Florence ndipo akupitiriza adzakhalamo mpaka imfa yake (mu 1466), kupatula yochepa ulendo 1457 ku Siena.

Mochedwa Florence nthawi

Zimautsa mafunso ambiri m'tsogolo mwa Donatello. Ziboliboli ntchito mochedwa analenga osati kwambiri chidwi ntchito. Nthawi zina akulankhula za kutha kwa luso lake, ndi kubwerera kwa ena maluso Gothic. Chosema ndi Donatello mu nthawi kuchokera 1450 kuti 1460 oyambirira ankaimira ndi fano Marii Magdaliny (1455, chithunzi cm. Pansipa), mtengo, gulu la "Judith ndi Holofernes", fano la Ioanna Krestitelya, ziboliboli pa mutu wa Chiwukitsiro ndi masautso a Khristu mipando iwiri mu mpingo wa San Lorenzo. Mu ntchito iyi, kutsogozedwa mutu chisoni kuti akufotokozera Donatello. Ziboliboli imene naturalism, amene malire zauzimu losweka. chiwerengero A Nyimbo kutatsirizika atamwalira ophunzira ake mbuye - Bertoldo ndi Bellagio.

Ziboliboli anafa 1466. Iye anaikidwa mu mpingo wa San Lorenzo, amene chokongoletsedwa ndi ntchito yake, ulemu waukulu. Choncho anamaliza ntchito Donatello. Ziboliboli, Wambiri ndi amene zochita akhala m'nkhani ino, ali ulinso pa zomangamanga mdziko. Taonani zimene iye anali.

Phindu la ntchito za mbuye

Donatello anali wofunika m'mbiri ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano chosema. Zinali iye amene anali oyamba mwadongosolo kuphunzira njira ya thupi kayendedwe, anasonyeza kuipidwa misa kanthu anayamba kumasulira zovala chifukwa thupi pulasitiki ndi kayendedwe, anapereka ntchito kusonyeza chithunzi munthu mu chosema, anafotokoza kuti moyo maganizo a m'nkhaniyi opatsirana. Iye angwiro kuponyera mkuwa ndi likunka mpaka nsangalabwi. Trehplanny mpumulo, iye anayamba, ndi pofuna kukwaniritsa chosema ndi kupenta.