Zingwe za anthu

Zingwe zenizeni zowonjezera zili pakati pa anthu, pambali ndi kumanzere. Kuimira awiri, ophimbidwa ndi mucous membrane, zotanuka, zimatambasula kuchokera kutsogolo kupita kumbuyo. Kuwonjezeka kwawo kumakhala kosavuta chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa minofu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Danga pakati pa mapangidwe awa amatchedwa kusiyana kwa mawu. Zingwe zazingwe sizimangochita nawo phokoso lokha, komanso zimateteza chitetezo chapansi.

Zizindikiro zimapangidwa chifukwa cha kutembenuka, kuzunzika ndi kusuntha kwa mitsempha pansi pa mphamvu ya mpweya yotuluka m'mapapu. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mawonekedwe a mapangidwe omveka bwino m'zipinda zonse ndi chipangizo cha mawu ali pafupifupi chimodzimodzi. Zinyama zina sizikhala nazo, zina zimayambitsa bwino. Zinyama zambiri, kuphatikizapo zinyama zenizeni, zimakhalanso ndi zingwe zabodza. Mwa anthu, iwo ali apamwamba kwambiri kuposa owona ndipo samalowerera pakupanga maphokoso.

Mng'anjo ya amphibian ligaments yomwe imapanga phokoso liri m'munsi mwa "mawu omveka". Mitengo yambiriyi ya m'mphepete mwa mtsinjewo ndi kusiyana pakati pa mapiri a m'mphepete mwake. Zowonongeka zambiri sizingathe kupanga phokoso. Zina mwa izo, mitsempha ndi mageckos ndiwo mitsempha yeniyeni.

Pamene kupuma, mpweya mosalekeza ndi bwino kudutsamo kudzera mu chink. Pa nthawi yomweyi, imakhala yotseguka. Kuthamanga kwa mpweya kumabwera chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa mu airways. Icho chimapangidwa ndi minofu yamthambo ya munthu. Pogwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe omveka bwino, mpata umatsekedwa, ndipo mtolowo umasokonekera. Pogonjetsedwa ndi kupanikizika, mpata umatsegulira kanthawi kochepa ndipo mbali ina ya mpweya imasiya. Kenaka ndodozo zimayambanso kuyandikira ndikuyamba kusokoneza. Choncho, pakamveka phokoso, pakali pano mpweya umene umadutsa muzeng'onoting'ono umakhala pakati, ndipo mpweya womwewo umakhala mukuyenda. Malingana ndi kukula kwake ndi kukula kwake kwa mitsempha, komanso momwe maulendo a mlengalenga amawonekera, zimveka phokoso losiyana. Pogwiritsa ntchito phokoso, bronchi, mapapo ndi trachea amathandizanso. Poonjezera phokoso m'thupi, pali dongosolo la zionetsero (mwa munthu ndizo zomlomo ndi zamphongo).

Matenda a zingwe (kutupa) mwa anthu nthawi zambiri amawoneka mwadzidzidzi. Kawirikawiri, izi zimachitika ndi chifuwa chachikulu, matenda opatsirana ndi mavairasi, kutsekemera kwa zinthu zomwe zimakwiyitsa mazira. Kutupa kumatha kuwonjezereka komanso ndi mawu owonjezera. Kutupa kwa mucosa kungaperekedwe ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kukula kwa mitsempha, kuchepa mu chingwe. Muzochitika zovuta kwambiri, mucosal edema ikhoza kutsogolera kutseka kwathunthu kwa chigawenga. Chotsatira chake, mpweya wa mapapo umatha, ndipo munthuyo amayamba kukhuta.

Kuti athetse matendawa, njira yothetsera yoperekera yogwiritsira ntchito kamera yapadera imagwiritsidwa ntchito, imene dokotala amalowetsa mosamala m'kamwa kapena pamphuno. Ndondomekoyi imagwiridwa ndi anesthesia wamba, motero amaletsa kusanza, ululu ndi mavuto kwa wodwalayo.

Kufufuza mozama za kusokonezeka kwa zipangizo zamagetsi kumachitika ndi stroboscopy. Njira yapaderayi younikira imapangitsa kuti pang'onopang'ono kuyang'ana kwafupipafupi kwa kutulutsa mawu. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira kuti zimakhala zovuta komanso zamaganizo, komanso zowonongeka komanso zopanda mphamvu zomwe zimakhala zosakwana mamita imodzi. Pa stroboscopy, mukhoza kulemba ndondomeko yowunikira pavidiyo, yomwe imakulolani kuyang'anitsitsa kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuyerekeza chida cha liwu la mawu musanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kapena mankhwala. Mfundoyi ndi yofunika kwambiri ngati opaleshoni imachitidwa pa zingwe zamagulu.