Zitsanzo za madera achilengedwe: nyanja, nyanja, nyanja, dambo, munda

Zonse ndipamene dziko kunja, - madera achilengedwe mmene anthu kapena zinthu zina - ndi dongosolo kwathunthu. Zinthu za dongosolo lino mwachindunji kapena ayi kucheza ndi mzake. ndi zimene malo achilengedwe ndi anthu ammudzi? Kodi amasiyana mzake? Kodi kucheza ndi anthu chilengedwe cha zamoyo? Za izi - Patapita nkhaniyi.

biogeocoenosis

tanthauzo umenewu ukuyamba kwa nthawi yoyamba Vladimir Sukachev - Russian sayansi chithunzi, geobotanist. Lingaliro biogeocoenosis (BIOS - "moyo", "dziko lapansi" - N, koynos - "wamba") imatengedwa kuti ndi dongosolo la kuposa Biostructures "chamoyo" mlingo. Ichi ndi chifukwa makamaka chakuti anachita ikuchitika osati mkati pakati pa matupi. Monga mbali ubale biogeocoenose zimachitika pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo. Pamodzi, iwo amagwira ntchito yeniyeni, kupereka yofunika kuli biogeocoenose.

topezeka

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera anafalikira padziko lathuli si yunifolomu, ndipo malinga ndi zimene zinkachitika m'deralo. Chifukwa, iwo apanga masoka "grouping". Mogwirizana kwa zinthu zamoyo pansi zone abiotic zipangitsa umodzi wa chigawo dera. umphumphu Izi umatchedwanso topezeka (dongosolo zachilengedwe). Mfundo imeneyi, pamodzi ndi tanthauzo la "biogeocoenosis" akutumikira monga malongosoledwe a dera achilengedwe. Koma pamene matanthauzo awa ndi mikhalidwe yosiyana dongosolo. Choncho, mfundo "topezeka" nthawi ntchito pa nthawi imene akulankhula ubale wa zinthu mkati dera achilengedwe. "Biogeocoenosis" nthawi ntchito pofotokoza yeniyeni, dongosolo zachilengedwe, zomwe ali ndi gawo wapatsidwa, ndipo mogwirizana ake ndi "magulu" zina. Zitsanzo za madera achilengedwe: munda, Africa, mtsinje ndi ena.

Nyama ndi zomera

Nkhani za m'madera zachilengedwe, m'pofunika kuganizira momwe polojekitiyi kuti nyama nyumba izi. Nthawi ankaganiza kuti nyama zakutchire ndi ufulu wosankha malo awo okhala, kukhala kumene ndi mmene iwo akufunira. Koma zoona si. Ngati ife zitsanzo za madera achilengedwe, zikuchokera magulu a nyama zinthu zina, izo Tingaone osati mwachisawawa, koma ena ndithu ya mitundu achilendo limodzi kapena kachitidwe kena. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ndithu kuoneka bwino mabwenzi konkire zomera ndi nyama. Nawonso nyama ndi zomera kucheza ndi tizilombo, zimene zili mkati mwa malire a malo achilengedwe. nyanja Natural Community ndi nyanja amasiyana zosiyanasiyana mitundu, zikhalidwe zimene pali gulu kuchokera m'chilengedwe ena. Koma, ngakhale, mfundo za mogwirizana asungidwa, kaya zochitika.

zambiri

mudzi zachilengedwe ndi zovuta za zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Monga mbali ya zinthu zomwezo, pamaso pa nyama, zomera, yaying'ono-zamoyo. Iwo onse zimakhudza wina ndi mzake ndipo ndinazolowera zikhalidwe yeniyeni ya kukhalapo mu dera. Mkati mwa "topezeka" likakhazikitsidwa komanso anakhalabe ndi makope zinthu zosiyanasiyana. The lonse dongosolo zachilengedwe angakhale osiyana. Pofika kumapeto monga madera achilengedwe a m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja. Pa nthawi yomweyo m'chilengedwe ang'onoang'ono ali m'gulu lalikulu. Choncho, masoka bog mmudzi zingawapangitse anthu kulowa zamoyo wa nayonso. Kuwonjezera zinthu zachilengedwe, pali yokumba. Iwo analengedwa ndi munthu. Zitsanzo za madera achilengedwe amatunga, m'chere zokhala m'malo owetera, kumalo osungira, ndi zina.

Mwanjira chakudya mkati Umodzi

Kaya zomwe amati gulu achilengedwe (a dambo, kumtunda, dziwe, etc.), mkati ali osiyanasiyana mogwirizana. Ubale chachikulu mogwirizana chakudya. Kwenikweni, kugwirizana koyamba zimathandiza kuti mapangidwe ndi malo mphamvu, womwenso aliyense mudzi achilengedwe (nyanja, nayonso ndi ena), ndi zomera. Iwo okha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa, amatha zinthu mchere, mpweya woipa pano mu madzi kapena m'nthaka kupanga pawiri organic. Zomera ndi chakudya cha nyama zimene zili zamiyendo Inayi ndi invertebrates. Nawonso, kudya ogwirira - mbalame zimene zimadya. Choncho pali limasonyeza zakudya. magulidwe akatundu amaoneka ngati onse, motere: chomera nyama (herbivores) -hischniki. Nthawi zina, dera wotero kukhala zovuta ndi Kuwonjezera intermediates. Mwachitsanzo, ogwirira koyamba kungakhale chakudya cha mtsogolo, amene nawonso, chifukwa wachitatu ndi zina zotero. Choncho, gulu la zachilengedwe zikuphatikizapo mbozi kuti kudya zomera. angelo amenewa, mudzachitira chakudya tizilombo aliyense zolusa kuti kudya tizilombo kudya mbalame ndi nyama mbalame nyama nyama. Nkhani zosiyanasiyana m'madera zachilengedwe, tikhoza kuona kuti mbali ya topezeka kumeneko kukhala chakudya chimene yopasuka: zomera akufa kapena mbali zawo (masamba, nthambi), nyama akufa kapena chimbudzi chawo. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka, monga, nyongolotsi, kafadala ndi gravediggers ena. Komabe, udindo waukulu mu kuwonongeka kwa organic nkhani uli mabakiteriya ndi bowa. Ndi chifukwa iwo kuti pali kusintha nkhani organic mankhwala mchere, amene akhoza ndiye kachiwiri ntchito zomera. Choncho mkombero ikuchitika zinthu.

microclimate

Poganizira mudzi achilengedwe (Ocean Africa), ife tikhoza kuwona, kuwonjezera pa chakudya, ndipo mauthenga ena. Choncho, zomera kupanga nyengo yeniyeni, microclimate. zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopanda chilengedwe - chinyezi, kutentha, kayendedwe mpweya, kuunikira ndi ena - pansi zomera chivundikiro adzakhala nako kusiyana kwambiri kuchokera ambiri m'dera limeneli. Choncho, m'madera achilengedwe a rainforest ndi masana ali chinyezi mkulu. Masana pali kuposa ozizira ndi pamthunzi, usiku nthawi yomweyo, m'malo mwake, ndi wotentha kwambiri kuposa poyera. Kapena dambo Mwachitsanzo, chinyezi ndi kutentha kwa padziko lapansi adzakhala osiyana ndi anthu anaona padziko adachitira umboni. Mwa zina, mbewu chivundikiro chindiletsa kukokoloka - kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndi sputtering. makhalidwe Microclimate pa moyo ndi mitundu zikuchokera nyama zokhala malo. Amasankhidwa kwa malo ake, amene osati zakudya zofunika, koma ambiri, nyengo, kutentha, chinyezi ndi mavuto ena adzakhala mulingo woyenera.

Impact wa ntchito ziweto topezeka kudera

Choyamba, ambiri maluwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera mungu wochokera ndi tizilombo, ndipo nthawi zina mitundu yeniyeni ndipo ngati iwo akusowa, zomera sangathe kubereka. Kufalitsa mbewu Mitundu ina ya zomera ndi anagwiritsanso ndi nyama. Komanso, ntchito Mitundu ina ya zamoyo kukhudzanso pa chitetezo cha zinthu zina topezeka kudera limenelo. Mwachitsanzo, , nyongolotsi, kutsogolera burrowing moyo, zimathandiza kuti tithe kumvetsa kumasulira nthaka, chifukwa mu mlengalenga ndi mwakuya, ndi mosavuta kudutsa m'madzi, komanso ndondomeko ya kuwonongeka kwa zatsalira zosiyanasiyana organic zimachitika mofulumira.

Kusintha zimadalirana ndi kusintha mitundu

njira amenewa angayambe mchikakamizo cha abiotic, zinthu biotic, ndi chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Kusintha madera achilengedwe a moyo chifukwa chikoka cha zamoyo zosiyanasiyana akupitiriza mazana ndi zikwi za zaka. Udindo waukulu mu njira izi limabweretsa zomera. Pali zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana m'madera zachilengedwe zimenezi zidzasintha mchikakamizo cha zinthu zina. Kufulumira kusintha mu nkhani iyi zimadalira osiyana. Tikhoza kuganizira topezeka "Nyanja". Natural m'dera - mu nkhani iyi, thupi la madzi - pang'onopang'ono chimayamba kutha ndi osaya. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zikuoneka pa matope pansi. wosanjikiza zimayamba kuonjezera: zatsalira kudziunjikira nyama nyanja komanso m'madzi ndi zomera, nadzatsuka wolemera otsetsereka ndi particles dothi. M'kupita kwa kukhala shallower mosungiramo, m'mphepete kuyamba kukula mabango ndi udzu, sedges kenako. Choncho nyanja - m'dera zachilengedwe a mtundu womwewo - mutates ndipo topezeka qualitatively osiyana. Kudzikundikira zatsalira organic inadzachitika mofulumira ndipo mofulumira kupanga madipoziti peat. Ena zomera ndi nyama zamoyo m'malo mwa ena amene kwambiri ndinazolowera moyo mu chilengedwe chatsopano. Chifukwa, watsopano zachilengedwe pakati - chithaphwi. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti kusintha topezeka ndi kupitiriza. Chifukwa, angaoneke mitengo undemanding ndithu ndi zitsamba. Ndipo pang'onopang'ono m'malo posungira pali kale nkhalango.

Kusintha m'chilengedwe chifukwa zochita za anthu

Zitsanzozi m'madera zachilengedwe apatsidwa, kuti wasintha mwachibadwa mogwirizana ndi m'malo mitundu. Tikumbukenso kuti zikamera, mbeu yatsopano, nyama, tizilombo, bowa, ndi mapangidwe zinthu zatsopano - njira motalika kokwanira, ndipo apitirize kwa makumi, mazana, kapena ngakhale kwa zaka zikwizikwi. Koma m'chilengedwe kusintha mchikakamizo cha zochita za anthu uli wachangu kwambiri. Nthawi zina, zingakhale zokwanira, ngakhale zaka zingapo, m'malo topezeka wina anali ndi mzake. Choncho, ngati pa nyanja chomwecho - m'dera zachilengedwe ndi ena mitundu zikuchokera zomera ndi zamoyo - ayamba dambo zimbudzi, zinyalala boma, manyowa m'minda, mpweya pano mu madzi, akuyamba kudyedwa kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Chifukwa cha okhala topezeka izi mitundu ayamba kulandira zochepa mpweya ndi mankhwala ena zatu. Izi amakwiya imfa ya zomera zambiri ndi zamoyo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kwambiri yafupika zosiyanasiyana mitundu. Ena zomera ayamba m'malo ena, madzi akuyamba "duwa". M'malo mwa nsomba chakudya kubwera "otsika mtengo" mitundu kutha, ziwala zambiri, mollusks, mabakiteriya. Chifukwa cha - topezeka kamodzi wolemera inasanduka thupi kuvunda madzi.

Kubwezeretsa machitidwe zachilengedwe

Ngati chikoka cha munthu pa siteji ena akuima (pamene chikhalidwe china si kuthamanga ndithu), ndondomeko wodzilamulira machiritso imayamba mwa gulu achilengedwe. Ndipo mmenemo udindo waukulu zapatsidwa kwa zomera kachiwiri. Mwachitsanzo, ziweto kumapeto kwa odyetserako ziweto ayamba kuoneka udzu wautali. Nyanja akuthamanga masoka njira ya chiyeretso afalitsa ku unicellular algae, buluu wobiriwira, ndi chifukwa kuti kamodzinso kuonekere nkhanu, molluscs ndi nsomba. Mu nkhani ngati kapangidwe trophic ndi mitundu kwambiri simplistic ndi kudzikonda machiritso ndondomeko si zotheka, munthu ali kanthu topezeka kachiwiri. Koma mu nkhani iyi zochita zake si umalimbana chiwonongeko. Mwachitsanzo, ziweto kuyamba chodzala zitsamba posonyeza nkhalango kubzala mitengo. Madamu woyera, kenako amayamba iwo achinyamata nsomba. Choncho, tinganene kuti ayambe dera zachilengedwe zimatheka ngati kuyan'anila tsankho. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zochita za anthu sayenera upambana ndi pakhomo, kenako ndi kudzikonda chilangizo njira zosatheka.

Mmene zinthu abiotic

Chitukuko ndi kusintha m'madera zachilengedwe zimachitika mchikakamizo cha kusintha lakuthwa mu nyengo, kusinthasintha ntchito dzuwa, ntchito chiphala, njira phiri zomanga. Izi ndi zina zinthu zachilengedwe zopanda moyo amatchedwa abiotic. Zoyambitsa wakuswa mtendere wa malo a zinthu zamoyo. Izo ziyenera ananena kuti m'chilengedwe luntha osati zotha achire. Ndipo ngati chikoka kunja adzakhala kuposa malire zina, m'madera zachilengedwe adzamva chiwonongeko. The ina imene padzakhala kusintha, adzachita monga gwero la vutoli zachilengedwe. Ndipo ngakhale n'zotheka kuti abwezeretse topezeka, ndiye akhoza kuchita zambiri mtengo kuposa ntchito lero kuti asakhale.

Zinthu kuchititsa luso kudzimvera zimadalirana

Self-kubwezeretsa madera achilengedwe kunatheka chifukwa cha kuchuluka chilengedwe cha zamoyo, zomwe chifukwa cha yaitali co-kusanduka kuti ndinazolowera mzake. Pa nkhani ya kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mtundu uliwonse anawamasula ali ndi kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe kwa nthawi yaitali ndi maganizo ofanana kwa iye, kuteteza chitukuko cha anthu kapena njira zina kusokoneza. Komabe, zochitika zosiyanasiyana limapezeka ngati kugwirizana chimodzi kwathunthu atasiya unyolo. Mu nkhani iyi, "mwagwirizana yopezera ndalama" mitundu mwina ntchito, ena chuma salinso ntchito - pali vutoli zachilengedwe. Pa zikutha m'mayiko wotsatira alipo zikuchokera yeniyeni kupanga zinthu kudzikundikira kwambiri mankhwala organic afufuze mitundu mlendo lakuthwa kuchuluka mphamvu ndipo tizilombo tina. Monga ulamuliro, chiyambi loyamba kutha mitundu osowa. wosaperewera awo chifukwa udzafunidwa mmene chilengedwe, ndi tcheru kusintha. M'khola madera achilengedwe siyana ayenera kukhala m'gulu magulu ena a zamoyo. anafikapo ku unyolo kumasonyeza kuti kuteteza zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe wonse, phindu zachilengedwe a dongosolo lonse.

Makope zinthu

Zimenezi zipangitsa kuti mitundu imene zatenga magulu trophic:

1. Kubala organic kuchokera ku zipangizo zochita kupanga - alimi. Choyamba, ndi zomera zobiriwira.
2. Wonyeketsa consuments phytomass 1 dongosolo. Zikuphatikizapo nyama zonse zopanda mafupa ndi peresenti herbivores zamoyo.
3. Wonyeketsa consuments 1st kuti, consuments 2 ndi malamulo apamwamba. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka zolusa nsomba, akangaude, tizilombo, nyama zokwawa, achule, tizilombo kudya nyama, mbalame zimene zimadya.
4. Decomposing akufa zinthu organic decomposers. Izi makamaka monga zamoyo nthaka.

Studies ya mkulu amasankha madera achilengedwe amasonyeza kuti mitundu osowa alipo pa mulingo uliwose trophic. Chizindikiro chapamwamba bata topezeka ndi pamaso pa anthu yotheka ogula Wapamwamba. Izi mitundu ili pamwamba pa kapangidwe trophic, ndi mthupi mwawo kwakukulukulu zimadalira boma la dongosolo lonse. Mmodzi mwa makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri a mitundu ndi kukula kwa gawo, yomwe ndi osachepera zofunika kuli ndi chitukuko cha anthu yotheka.