Zojambula Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago." chidule

Popeza mmasate wa zaka zao za sikisite mu Soviet Union kupereka m'misasa utsogoleri, anakakamizika m'misasa m'ndende misa anapatsidwa kwa Administration Chief (Gulag). Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" (chidule cha mankhwala pansipa) analemba mu 1956, mu magazini buku la inasindikizidwa mu 1967. Koma polemba chinenero chimenechi, wolemba mwiniyo anatcha izo ndi kafukufuku luso.

"The Gulag Archipelago." Chidule maola. 1 mafakitale m'ndende, hr. 2 zoyenda lopitirira

The owerenga imalemba Njira ya Ndinakumana Gulag aliyense amene anali mmenemo: m'manja ndi kusamala akaidi. Ri mitundu ya kumangidwa. Inanena kuti iwo analibe chifukwa ndi lotengeka ndi kufunika kukwaniritsa miyeso yolinganizira pa chiwerengero. The obisalira zizidagwidwe kapena kugwira, mawu okhawo amene anali kukhulupirira kuti n'loonadi ndi mphamvu ya wosalakwa.

The owerenga ikufotokoza mbiri ya kumangidwa misa mu dziko nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa October kuukira boma. Umalongosola tanthauzo anawonjezera kuti Code Wachifwamba mu 1926 amphamvu ndi yolakwika 58th nkhani. Iwo anali afola mwa njira yotero kuti izo zikanakhoza kukhala Chilango cha kuchita chilichonse.

Akufotokoza mmene njira ya kufufuza za lagona pa umbuli wa nzika Soviet ufulu wawo ndi njira za kugwiritsa ntchito Ofufuza kukonzekera kutembenukira akuwakayikira a m'ndende. Ndiye Ofufuza ndipo ngakhale Utumiki wa nduna Mkati anakhala akaidi, ndipo iwo ndipo onse atumiki, abwenzi, achibale ndi anzawo.

The owerenga akufotokoza madera a chilumbachi. Ku ndende polumikizira (amawatcha "madoko") matanga ndipo iwo akuyandikira kwa magalimoto-Zaki (magalimoto wamba, koma ndi mipiringidzo zoyendera aliyense chipinda akaidi 25), kutchedwa "zombo". Yonyamula akaidi ndi zombo weniweni ndi mabwato ndi kwambiri ndi mdima akugwirizira, limene mbadwa kapena dokotala kapena convoy.

"The Gulag Archipelago." Chidule maola. 3 pa istrebitelno ankawagwiritsa ntchito yakalavulagaga kwa maola ambiri. 4 wa shawa ndi waya waminga

The owerenga limatiuza nkhani za chilengedwe Russia pamsasa Union kumene anthu anakakamizika ntchito. Lingaliro la kulenga iwo, Lenin patsogolo yozizira ya 1918, pambuyo kupanduka anali kuletsedwa SRs. Ganizo la mtsogoleri inali itaima malangizo ake, zimene ananena momveka bwino kuti onse wamphamvu akaidi ayenera kukhala nawo ntchito. Watsimikiza pa Red mantha m'misasa ngati ntchito ankatchedwa "ndende."

Chifukwa iwo, monga atsogoleri Soviet, analibe rigor, kasamalidwe nkhawa za chilengedwe cha M'ndende mpoto kwa cholinga chapadera ndi malamulo oipa mtima. Kamodzi kunja kwa obisika Solovetsky Chimonko onse, adatenga akaidi atulutsidwa. Iwo avala matumba chifukwa chophwanya kuponyedwa maselo chilango, chimene anali mu mavuto.

Free ndende ntchito ankagwiritsa ntchito amaika mumsewu nthaka Kem-Ukhta thirakiti kudzera zithaphwi kuwoloka ndi nkhalango, anthu wamira m'chilimwe, m'nthawi yozizira. Misewu akhala anamanga ku Arctic Circle ndi wa Kola Peninsula, ndi zambiri akaidiwo sinabweretse ngakhale zida ambiri wosazindikira ndi kumangidwa ndi dzanja.

Akaidi anathawa, gulu limodzi Ngakhale zinali zovuta kulowa Britain. Choncho Europe tinaphunzira za kukhalako kwa Gulag. Iwo anayamba kuoneka mabuku m'misasa, koma anthu Soviet sakhulupirira. Ngakhale Gorky, amene ananena zoona akaidi zaumbanda, anasiya Solovki, osakhulupirira, ndi mnyamata anawomberedwa.

Mu mbiri ya Archipelago anali ntchito yaikulu yomanga, monga White Nyanja Ngalande, anachotsa miyoyo yosawerengeka. Echelons anafika akaidi omanga pantchitoyo, kumene komabe panali ngakhale kulingirira ngakhale kuwerengetsera enieni, zipangizo, palibe zipangizo, palibe okwanira labwinobwino kapena m'chipindacho.

Popeza 1937, boma omangika Gulag. Anayamba kuteteza agalu pansi kuwala magetsi. alonda Choipa anali zigawenga anatilola ndi kulangidwa kulanda ndi akamenyane ndi "zandale".

Kuteteza akazi m'misasa anakhala kwambiri ukalamba kapena chilema chizindikiro, kukongola alinso matsoka. Ntchito akazi ntchito chimodzimodzi ngati amuna, ngakhale kudula mitengo ya. Ngati aliyense wa iwo pakati, kudyetsa mwana wake anali kuwatumiza ku msasa wina. Pakutha pa kudyetsa mwana ananditumiza amasiye, ndi mayi wake - pa siteji.

Tinali Gulag ndi ana. Popeza 1926, woweruza analola ana amene achita kupha kapena kuba ndi zaka khumi ndi ziwiri. Kuyambira mu 1935, dzinali lakhala ankaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti ndi zilango zina zonse. Panali nthawi zina pamene ana khumi "adani a anthu" anatumizidwa ku Gulag zaka 25.

Ponena za ubwino chuma ntchito m'ndende, zinali wofooka kwambiri, chifukwa khalidwe la ukapolo sanali oyenera, ndi msasa si kudziletsa amatithandiza.

Kudzipha ku Gulag sikunali kokwanira, kuthawa - kwambiri. Koma obisalira tiwawombole msasa anthu ankhanza m'deralo. Amene sanathe kuthamanga, anapereka lonjezo kupulumuka, zivute zitani.

Ubwino wa Archipelago anali sanali siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo cha maganizo a munthu: safuna kulowa chipani, mgwirizano malonda, analibe kupanga misonkhano chipani, palibe mukubwadamuka. Mutu anali ufulu, akhale ndi rethinking la moyo wakale ndi kukula mwauzimu. Komabe, zilibe kunakhudza. Ambiri mwa mitu anali wotanganidwa ndi maganizo a mkate wawo, kufunika ntchito kunaoneka ndi udani, ndi akaidi ankatengedwa Otsutsa. Anthu amene kapangitsa moyo wauzimu, Archipelago anamukwiyitsa ndi kunyengedwa kwambiri.

Linapuwalanso ndi kukhalapo kwa Gulag Ndipo wotsalawo, nelagernuyu mbali ya dziko, kuchititsa anthu mantha, iwo ndi mabanja awo. Kuopa kuperekedwa anachita njira otetezeka kupulumuka. Iwo anali, ndipo nkhanza ndi blurs mizere pakati pa zabwino ndi zoipa.

"The Gulag Archipelago." maola Chidule. Katorga za 5, lomweli. 6 pa linki

Mu chaka cha forte wachitatu wa Stalin kachiwiri anabweretsa zokoloweka ndi chilango ukapolo. Anapangidwa mu mmasate wake, osati onse, panali anthu ochepa wamba, amene anali wodzisunga nzika ndipo sanaone alimbikitsa chipani cha ndipo Komsomol kuti mtsogoleri ndi kusintha dziko.

Link mu Russia anali mtchatho pofika m'zaka za m'ma 17. Ndi mmasate cha m'ma 20 inasanduka pogona zosakhalitsa amene amapita pansi mpeni ankhanza kupondereza Soviet.

Mosiyana ndi andende ena, osawuka olemera mabanja anawatumiza ku bwinja m'madera akutali popanda chakudya ndi zipangizo zaulimi ndi. Ambiri anafa ndi njala. Mu makumi anai anayamba kutali anthu onse.

"The Gulag Archipelago." Chidule h. 7 kuti anali pambuyo pa imfa ya mtsogoleri wa

Pambuyo 1953 zilumba silinathe, inali nthawi zokambirana ndi kale lonse. The owerenga limanena kuti Soviet Union sadzachitika popanda izo. akaidi moyo sadzamva bwino, chifukwa iwo kupeza chilango, koma kwenikweni dongosolo pa iwo akutenga zolakwa zake, kuti anthu ngati iwo amaganiza chiphunzitso mwaukadauloZida Leninist-Stalinist. boma adakali m'chiuno zitsulo m'mphepete mwa lamulo. M'mphepete ndi - palibe lamulo.

Chidule cha "Gulag Archipelago" - pa autobiographical ntchito za Solzhenitsyn - sapereka owerenga mwayi kuvala chigoba mkaidiyo, kudutsa maganizo angasokonezeke wa wochokera Archipelago, amene, malinga ndi wolemba, anali umalimbana nkhani ya msasa ndi ndende zenizeni mu mankhwala zonse.