Zoponya mabomba a World nkhondo II: Soviet, American, English, German

Kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World ife opareshoni ambiri zoponya mabomba. Iwo onse anali ndi makhalidwe osiyana luso, koma anali ofunika kwa makamu awo. Tigwire ntchito ambiri pansi anakhala n'zosatheka zovuta kwambiri popanda akupha mipherezero njira za mdani.

"Heinkel"

Mmodzi wa Heinkel Iye anali waukulu ndipo ambiri Luftwaffe zoponya mabomba 111. Mu zonse panali 7.600 makina amenewa. Ena mwa iwo anali kuwasintha ndi oponya kuukira ndege. Mbiri ya polojekiti anayamba ndi chakuti Ernest Heinkel (otchuka German ndege) anaganiza kumanga yachangu ndege mu dziko. lingaliro anali wofuna kuti ankakayikira ake mmene yandale yatsopano utsogoleri wa Nazi ku Germany, komanso akatswiri makampani. Komabe, Heinkel linali lalikulu. Analamula kamangidwe ka makina Gunter abale.

The zinachitika poyamba anali okonzeka mu 1932. Iye anatha kumenya mbiri ndiye-liwiro kudzulu, panali bwino wosatsutsika poyamba n'ngwokayikitsa ntchito. Koma kuti sanali Heinkel Iye 111, koma kuloŵedwa m'malo yekha. ndege zonyamula anali ndi chidwi asilikali. Oimira Luftwaffe anapanga chiyambi cha chilengedwe cha zosintha asilikali. ndege wamba ndinachita kutembenukira mu kusala chomwecho, koma pa nthawi yomweyo yoponya mabomba imapha.

Woyamba kumenyana magalimoto kumanzere hangars awo pa Spanish Civil nkhondo. Ndege analandira Legiyo "Condor". The zotsatira za ntchito yawo anakumana utsogoleri Nazi. polojekiti Anapitiriza. Kenako Heinkel Iye 111 ntchito pa Front Western. Mu Blitzkrieg mu France. Ambiri mdani zoponya mabomba ya nkhondo yachiwiri anagwetsa ndege German mu specifications a. liwiro lake lalikulu analola kuti akakokoloredwe mdani ndi kuzemba akuwatsatira. Mabomba kwenikweni poyera kuti airfields ndi zipangizo zina zofunika njira mu France. Tima mpweya thandizo analola Wehrmacht kuchita bwino pansi. zoponya mabomba German anapanga zopereka chidwi cha chipambano cha Nazi Germany pa siteji yoyamba ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.

"Junkers"

Mu 1940 Heinkel anayamba pang'onopang'ono m'malo ndi zambiri zamakono Junkers Yehu 88 ( "Junkers Yehu 88"). 15,000 zitsanzo izi anapangidwa nthawi ya ntchito yogwira. indispensability awo anali zosiyanasiyana. Monga ulamuliro, ndi zoponya mabomba ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World ankafuna kuti cholinga - bomba la mipherezero pansi. Ndi "Junkers" zonse zinali zosiyana. Icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga yoponya mabomba, oponya yoponya mabomba, reconnaissance ndi usiku womenya.

Monga mu nthawi yake "Heinkel" ndege Izi atchuke liwiro latsopano, kufika makilomita 580 pa ola limodzi. Komabe, kupanga "Junkers" anayamba mochedwa kwambiri. Chifukwa, pamene nkhondoyo inali wokonzeka magalimoto 12. Choncho, pa siteji yoyamba ya Luftwaffe ntchito kwenikweni Heinkel. Mu 1940, German makampani asilikali, potsiriza kutulutsa zokwanira ndege yatsopano. Zombo anayamba kasinthasintha.

Woyamba mayeso aakulu kwa Yehu 88 inayamba mu Nkhondo ya Britain. M'chilimwe ndi yophukira 1940 ndege German anayesetsa kugwira mpweya pa England, mzinda ndi bomba ndi mabizinezi. Yehu 88 watenga mbali yaikulu pa ntchito imeneyi. Zinachitikira British walola okonza German kulenga zosintha angapo chitsanzo, amene anali ndi kuchepetsa chiopsezo ake. kumbuyo wokwera mfuti machine latsopano cockpit zida n'kuyamba.

Pakutha Nkhondo ya Britain Luftwaffe analandira masinthidwe atsopano, ali ndi injini wamphamvu kwambiri. Izi "Junkers" anamuchotsa zolakwa za m'mbuyomo ndi kukhala woopsa kwambiri German ndege. Pafupifupi zoponya mabomba onse a nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse zasintha mu mkangano. Anachotsa zinthu zapadera zina zatsopano ndi kulandira zatsopano. Tsoka yomweyo anali ndi Yehu 88. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha ntchito akhala monga yoponya mabomba madzi, koma airframe sanathe adzasenza katundu kwambiri, malinga ndi chotero mode mabomba. Choncho, mu 1943, chitsanzo ndi ukulu wake penapake anasintha. Pambuyo kusinthidwa ichi, ndege zamanga bwererani zipolopolo pa makona a madigiri 45.

"Chuma"

Mu mndandanda wa Soviet yoponya mabomba "Pe-2" ndi otchuka kwambiri, matenda (opangidwa 11 000 mayunitsi). "Chuma" ankatchedwa Red Army. Zinali tingachipeze powerenga amapasa-injini yoponya mabomba, cholinga potengera chitsanzo "VA 100". The ndege yoyamba ya ndege atsopano mu December 1939.

Malinga ndi gulu la kamangidwe, "Pe-2" linali nizkoplanam otsika-phiko. fuselage anagawa zipinda zitatu. The kanyumba anakhala oyendetsa sitima ndipo woyendetsa. The gawo pakati fuselage anali mfulu. Pa mchira kanyumba udaikidwa kuti chowombelera, nawonso anatumikira monga ntchito wailesi woyendetsa. Lachitsanzo walandira zenera lakutsogolo lalikulu - zoponya mabomba onse a nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse anafuna lonse kuonera njingayo. ndege Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba mu Soviet Union analandira ulamuliro magetsi a asilikali zosiyanasiyana. zinachitikira chinayesedwa, nchifukwa chake dongosolo ali kuipa ambiri. Chifukwa cha makina amenewa kawirikawiri mowiriza kuyaka chifukwa cha kukhudzana kwa kukhefula ndi nthuzi mafuta.

Monga ena ambiri Soviet ndege ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, pa German amanyansidwa "akapolo" takumana ndi mavuto ambiri. asilikali bwino osakonzekera kuukira mosayembekezereka. Pamasiku oyamba wa Opaleshoni "Barbarossa", ndege ambiri pansi kuukira mdani ndege, ndi zida, amene kusungidwa mu hangar anawonongedwa ngakhale iwo asanakhale nthawi sortie chimodzi. "Pe-2" si nthawi zonse ntchito cholinga chake (ie, monga madzi-yoponya mabomba). ndege izi nthawi zambiri unathandizira pa gulu. Mu ntchito ngati bomba ikutha kukhala mfundo ndi kupeza unsighted pamene lamulo la mabomba a mlanduwu "mbuye" adalira. Mu miyezi ya nkhondoyo, "Pe-2" pafupifupi analumphira m'madzimo. Iwo anali wolumikizana ndi kusowa kwa ogwira akatswiri. Only patapita kudzera ndege sukulu kulemba anthu usilikali anatenga mafunde angapo, ndege anali wokhoza kuulula umatha zonse.

Yoponya mabomba Pavla Suhova

Zochepa wamba anali yoponya mabomba ena - "Lamulungu-2." Iye anali wolemekezeka ndi mtengo mkulu, koma pa nthawi yomweyo ndi zipangizo zatsopano popanga. Zinali si Soviet yoponya mabomba, koma chifukwa chabwino choonera njingayo, ndi zida zankhondo spotter. Ndege Paulo kuuma zimatheka ndi kuwonjezeka kutengerapo liwiro chitsanzo kwa mkati mabomba kuyimitsidwa, ili mkati fuselage lapansi.

Ngati zonse ndege ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, "Lamulungu" anaonanso vicissitudes onse nthawi yovuta. Malinga ndi maganizo Sukhoi yoponya mabomba anali kwathunthu ku zitsulo. Komabe, panali kuchepa pachimake aluminiyamu. Pachifukwa ichi, ndi ntchito wofuna anali konse akuyendera.

"Lamulungu-2" odalirika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ndege zina Soviet asilikali. Mwachitsanzo, za 5000 sorties kunachitika mu 1941, Air Force anataya 222 yoponya mabomba (kuti anali ndi kutayika mishoni 22). Ndi chizindikiro yabwino ya Soviet. Pa avareji deadweight imfa anakwana ndege imodzi, ndi maulendo 14 nthawi 1.6 N'kutheka.

Adalira unali ndi anthu awiri. Uthunthu pazipita ndi wofanana ndi makilomita 910, ndi liwiro mu mlengalenga - makilomita 486 pa ola limodzi. Mphamvu mwadzina la injini anali 1330 ndiyamphamvu. Mbiri ya ntchito "crackers", monga momwe zilili ndi zitsanzo zina, zili ndi zitsanzo ya zochita za Red Army. Mwachitsanzo, September 12, 1941 woyendetsa Elena Zelenko anapanga ramming mdani ndege "Ine-109" azilephera izo mapiko ake. Pilot anaphedwa, ndipo kuyenda panyanja ejected malinga ndi dongosolo lake. Icho chinali kokhaku nkhani ya kumenya akazi awo nkhosa pa "Lamulungu-2."

"IL-4"

Mu 1939, panali losatha yoponya mabomba, amene anapanga zopereka yaikulu chigonjetso Soviet pa Germany mu Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. Icho chinali "IL-4" anakamba motsogozedwa Sergei Ilyushin OKB-240. Izo poyamba ankatchedwa "DB-3." Kamodzi ndegeyo zinaperekedwa "IL-4" mu March 1942, amene anatsalira mu mbiri.

Model "DB-3" ali ndi zolephera zingapo kuti akhoza kukhala oopsa nkhondo ndi mdani. Makamaka, ndege anavutika kuchucha mafuta ndi ming'alu mu thanki mafuta, kulephera kwa dongosolo braking, galimotoyo avale ndi zina zotero. D. Pa makina, ndege, mosasamala za maphunziro awo kunali kovuta kusunga njira zofunika pa kukweza m'mwamba. Vuto chifukwa "DB-3" anakhala Zima nkhondo. Finns anatha kupeza makina "akufa" zone.

Kuwukonza zolakwa inayamba kumalizidwa kwa msonkhano. Ngakhale yokakamiza mayendedwe a zosintha ndege, kuti chiyambi cha Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo si onse watsopano "IL-4" anapulumuka ku kuipa chitsanzo m'mbuyomu. Mu gawo loyamba la nagonjetsa German, pamene mafakitale chitetezo mopupuluma anasamutsidwa ku East, amasokoneza (kuphatikizapo ndege) kwambiri utachepa. makina analibe Autopilot, ngakhale kuti iye nthawizonse amadzaza ku banki kapena kusokera. Komanso, yoponya mabomba Soviet analandira carburetors misaligned, chifukwa cha zomwe pali zinyalala kwambiri kwa mafuta komanso chifukwa ndichepe nthawi ya ndege.

Only patapita yojambula mu khalidwe la nkhondo "IL-4" anali chimaonekadi bwino. Izi anali ntchito ndi makampani kubwezeretsa, komanso kukhazikitsa latsopano akatswiri ziwaya ndege okonza. Pang'onopang'ono, "IL-4" wakhala yaikulu Soviet losatha yoponya mabomba. Inathawa ndi oyendetsa wotchuka Zimphona ya Soviet Union Vladimir Vyazovsky wotchedwa Dmitry Barashev, Vladimir Borisov, Nikolai Gastello, etc ...

"Nkhondo"

Kumapeto kwa 1930s lapansi. Fairey Aviation Company analengera ndege yatsopano. Iwo anali wosakwatiwa-engined zoponya mabomba ntchito mu Air Force la Great Britain ndi Belgium. Total wopanga zoposa zikwi ziwiri zitsanzo izi. Fairey nkhondo ntchito kokha mu gawo loyamba la nkhondo. Pambuyo nthawi wasonyeza inefficiency ake poyerekezera ndi ndege German, ndi yoponya mabomba anali kudzipatula kuchokera kutsogolo. Kenako ntchito ngati ndege maphunziro.

The kuipa waukulu chitsanzo anali: pang'onopang'ono zochepa osiyanasiyana komanso muzisowa moto odana ndi ndege. Mbali yamasika makamaka zowononga. Nkhondo anagogoda kwambiri zitsanzo zina. Komabe, ndi yoponya mabomba chitsanzo uyu anapambana woyamba UK ophiphiritsa chigonjetso mu mlengalenga panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri.

Zida zankhondo munamutcha (monga bomba katundu) 450 makilogalamu - nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo mabomba anayi 113-makilogalamu zachiwawa. Zipolopolo anapitiriza chimakweza hayidiroliki mapiko retractable mu kagawo kakang'ono lapansi. Mu kugwa hatches (kupatula bomba ku madzi a) bwererani nthawi bomba. pamaso unali m'manja mwa kuyenda panyanja ndi pamtunda mu cockpit kwa mpando woyendetsa a. Ndege kumbuyo armament m'gulu makina mfuti "browning" amene anali phiko lamanja la galimoto, komanso mfuti ya makina "Vickers" mu cockpit kumbuyo. Popularity yoponya mabomba chifukwa chakuti ina yofunika - anali zosavuta kusamalira. Kuyambira piloting anthu athana ndi maola osachepera ndege.

"Achifwambali"

Achimereka wotanganidwa kagawo kakang'ono wa amapasa-injini sing'anga yoponya mabomba Martin B-26 achifwambali. The ndege yoyamba ija anali mu mlengalenga kwa nthawi yoyamba mu November 1940, madzulo a Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Patapita miyezi ingapo ntchito woyamba B-26 anaonekera VB-26B kusinthidwa. Iye analandira kuzikonzanso zida chitetezo zida zatsopano. Kuchuluka ndege wingspan. Ichi chidachitika kuti achepetse liwiro wofunikila ndegeyo. zosintha zina akusiyana kuchuluka ngodya kuukira zofunika ndi makhalidwe bwino. Okwana kwa zaka ntchito izo yatulusa zoposa 5,000 ndege chitsanzo ichi.

Woyamba nkhondowo ntchito "wolanda" zinachitika mu April 1942 mu mlengalenga New Guinea. Kenako 500 ndege amenewa zimauluka ku UK pulogalamu kongoletsani-pangano. A ambiri a iwo anachita nkhondo mu Africa North ndi Mediterranean. B-26 anapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu ake m'dziko latsopano ntchito dera lalikulu. masiku asanu ndi atatu mu mzere anali ndi bomba la asilikali German ndipo Italy pafupi ndi tauni Tunisian wa Sousse. M'chaka cha 1943 chomwecho B-26 anatenga gawo mu anawazunza Rome. Ndege mabomba airfields ndi mphambano sitima, kuchititsa kuwononga kwambiri zofunikira a Nazi.

Zakugonjetsa ake magalimoto American ntchito kunadetsa zikufunika kwambiri. Chakumapeto kwa 1944, iwo ankachita lonyansa ndi counteroffensive German mu Ardenniskih mapiri. Pa nkhondo izi aukali anasowa 60 B-26. kuonongeka sikunali kotheka kuti muzindikire, monga Achimereka aperekedwe ku Ulaya, ambiri a ndege zawo. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, "wolanda" anagwetsa masiku ambiri "Douglas» (A-26).

"Mitchell"

Wina American sing'anga yoponya mabomba anali B-25 Mitchell. Zinali amapasa-injini ndege tricycle ankafika zida ili mu chipinda patsogolo fuselage ndi bomba katundu makilogalamu 544. Monga kumbuyo zida "Mitchell" muli ndi sing'anga-likungosonyeza makina mfuti. Iwo inali mu mchira ndi mphuno ndege, komanso mazenera wake wapadera.

The zinachitika woyamba inamangidwa mu 1939 mu Inglewood. Movement wa mphamvu ndege injini operekedwa ndi awiri 1,100 ndiyamphamvu lililonse (iwo Kenako anasiya wamphamvu kwambiri). An kuti atulutse "Mitchell" yosainidwa mu September 1939. Mu miyezi yochepa chabe, akatswiri zinthu zina kusintha dongosolo la ndege. Zakhala kwathunthu redesigned kanyumba ake - tsopano madalaivala onse akhoza kukhala moyandikana pafupi wina ndi mnzake. The zinachitika woyamba wa mapiko ali pamwamba pa fuselage lapansi. Kamodzi kuimaliza kukonza, adapsa pang'ono m'munsi - pakati.

Panagona ndege, latsopano akasinja kusindikiza mafuta kuyamba. Adalira analandira kumatheka chitetezo - zina zida mbale. yoponya mabomba amenewa anadziwika monga mtundu B-25a. ndege izi anatenga gawo mu nkhondo yoyamba kwambiri ndi Japanese pambuyo kulengeza nkhondo. Model ndi mfuti turret anawatcha B-25b. Zida akulamuliridwa ndi watsopano kwambiri pa nthawi ya galimoto magetsi. B-25b anatumizidwa ku Australia. Komanso, iwo ali ndimakumbukira kuukira Tokyo mu 1942. "Mitchells" anagula Army la Netherlands, koma dongosolo ili inasokoneza. Komabe, ndege adakali namuka - mu UK ndi USSR.

"Havok"

Easy American yoponya mabomba Douglas A-20 chisokonezo ndege anali mbali ya banja, amene mulinso malo adzaukira ndi usiku womenya. Pa makina nkhondo ya pempheroli anaonekera makamu ambiri, kuphatikizapo la British ngakhale Union. Zoponya mabomba anapatsidwa dzina lakuti English The chisokonezo ( "chisokonezo"), T. E. "owonongedwa".

Oimira loyamba la banja limeneli amatsogozedwa ndi US Army Air Corps m'chaka cha 1939. Lachitsanzo latsopano ali ndi injini turbocharged amene mphamvu 1700 ndiyamphamvu. Komabe, opaleshoni anasonyeza kuti utakhazikika ndi mavuto kudalirika. Choncho, ndege onse anayi opangidwa ngati kasinthidwe. Makina zotsatirazi ndi makina atsopano (popanda Turbo). Pomaliza, m'chaka cha 1941, Air Corps analandira wosapitirira okonzeka yoponya mabomba A-20. armament ake inkakhala mfuti anayi makina wokwera awiriawiri mu mphuno za makina. ndegeyo ankagwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zipolopolo. Iye akuchita 11 kilogalamu parachuti kugawikana mabomba. Mu 1942, chitsanzo ichi anaonekera kusinthidwa Gunship. Iye anali ndi cockpit kusinthidwa. Malo amene anatumikira scorer, wakhala m'malo mwa batire mfuti anayi.

Back mu 1940, Army US walamula ndi zikwi zambiri A-20b. masinthidwe atsopano linaonekera anaganiza kupereka "chisokonezo" amphamvu kwambiri manja zing'onozing'ono, kuphatikizapo zina mfuti makina lolemera. 2/3 a chipani anatumizidwa ku Soviet Union pulogalamu kongoletsani-pangano, pamene ena anakhalabe mu utumiki US. Kwambiri misa kusinthidwa anali A-20g. Linatulutsidwa pafupifupi zikwi zitatu a ndege izi.

Great kufunika kwa "chisokonezo" mpaka mapeto yodzaza zomera za "Douglas". utsogoleri wake ngakhale kusamutsa chilolezo kwa yopanga "Boeing" kutsogolo umakhoza ndege ambili. Machinery wosindikiza kampani imeneyi, analandira zina zamagetsi.

"Udzudzu"

Ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana De Havilland udzudzu pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World anganyoze yekha German Yehu 88. okonza British kuti anatha kulenga yoponya mabomba, ndilo chifukwa liwilo ake kuti muthe m'manja atetezeke.

The ndege sakanatha kulowa mu ulimi chifukwa ntchito yomanga osati anadula anaphedwa ndi akuluakulu. The prototypes woyamba zinalembedwa mu kope yochepa magalimoto 50. Pambuyo pake, kupanga ndege anasiya zina ngakhale mochuluka monga atatu pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. kulimbikira kasamalidwe "Ford Motors" kampani linangowapatsa yoponya mabomba kuyamba moyo. Pamene zinachitika kwa "udzudzu" anavula, aliyense anadabwa ntchito zake November 1940.

Maziko a kamangidwe ka ndegeyo anali monoplane. Front anakhala woyendetsa, amene akupereka mwachidule kwambiri kwa kanyumba. Chinthu chapadera galimoto anali chakuti pafupifupi nyumba yonseyo anapangidwa nkhuni. Mapiko analandira kokha zopangidwa plywood ndi angapo spars. Radiators ili mu chipinda kutsogolo ya phiko pakati pa fuselage ndi injini. Mbali imeneyi kapangidwe kubwera imathandiza pa sitima ya.

Mabaibulo pambuyo "udzudzu" wingspan anali chinawonjezeka kuchoka 16 16.5 m. Ndi Completions bwino dongosolo utsi, komanso injini. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ndege yoyamba chinaoneka monga Scout a. Izo zinali kokha pambuyo zinaonekeratu kuti kupangidwa opepuka amapereka deta ndege kwambiri, anaganiza ntchito makina monga yoponya mabomba. "Udzudzu" linagwiritsidwa ntchito anagwirizana mpweya anawazunza mizinda German mu gawo lotsiriza la nkhondo. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito osati kwa mabomba mfundo, komanso kusintha moto ndege zina. chitsanzo zomvetsa anali m'gulu laling'ono mu mkangano ku Ulaya (16 zomvetsa pa maulendo 1,000). Chifukwa cha liwiro ndi okwera ndege "udzudzu" anakhala mumangire kwa flak ndi ozimitsa German. The kokha kungawononge kuti ndege yoponya mabomba anali Messerschmitt Me.262.