History

History amabwerera kuposa zaka, chakumadzulo (Middle Ages), ndi budding (Kubadwa Kwatsopano). Ngakhale anthu akale anati ubwenzi womwe ena zinthu kapena zinthu zasintha kwa ena. M'Mesopotamiya, Egypt, anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe ndithudi zambiri, panali kuwerengetsa wagawo, anayamba kupanga zomveka chiwembu: chofunika - ndalama - chofunika.

Babulo zakale limatiuza za wotuluka pa kugula ndi kugulitsa akapolo, ng'ombe ndi dziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo tinayamba kutenga mawonekedwe, ndi ubwenzi ngongole pakati pa anthu, kukulitsa njira imene katundu, akapolo ndi ng'ombe anabweretsedwa ku Perisiya, Armenia, Media, Arabia ndi India. Izi njira yomweyo anabweretsa miyala yamtengo wapatali, zonunkhira ndi zonunkhira, nsalu ndi nkhani ya siliva ndi golidi. City, imene mayendedwe a katundu, amachuluka.

History in Ancient Greece, ndipo kenako mu Ufumu wa Roma, kunasonyeza mu nthano ndi ntchito zolembalemba. The Greek mulungu Heme ndi Roma Mercury anathandiza anthu kuwombola bwino katundu, ndi ulemu awo anamangidwira akachisi, mphatso yopatulika iwo kubweretsa. Ndipo ngati Agiriki akale osati kunja komanso kugulitsa zosiyanasiyana katundu, ndiye Aroma, monga ulamuliro, iwo okha kunja. Ufumu wa Roma anali kugula mkate ndi mphodza mu Iguputo, mankhwala nyama ndi mkaka ku Gau, ku Africa litapita zipatso ndi mafuta, ku China - veleveti. Pafupifupi dziko lonse anali kugona ndi Rome.

Atagwa ufumu wotchulidwa malonda ndi zitayang'ana wina. Mapangidwe limati latsopano European kuti chitukuko ayenera kuchita malonda. Mu ulamuliro wa Mfumu Justinian mu VI m'ma AD Byzantium akutuluka pa dziko lonse ndipo amanga ubale pakati pa mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi East, anaika nyanja ndi mtsinje njira katundu kutumiza. Byzantium kunja kwa Syria, thonje ndi shuga ntchito ndi India, China, ndi m'mayiko a ku Nyanja Black, pamene amalonda Italy musakhale mpikisano awo, vykradyvaya chinsinsi Chinese kupanga silika. Kuyambira pamenepo, anthu a ku Ulaya anayamba kubala nsalu izi tsaya.

Zapakati sanali abwino chitukuko ndi chitukuko cha malonda, ndipo okha mbiri Kubadwa Kwatsopano malonda analandira malangizo atsopano. Anthu anayamba kutsegula latsopano, unexplored dziko, wotukuka boti, kukhala njira sankadziwika imene katundu zaperekedwa. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali surpluses wa katundu kuti ayenera akuyendera. Nthawiyi amakhala ndi chakuti mbiri ya chitukuko cha malonda wayamba kukhala khalidwe negative. The katundu ikuluikulu ya akapolo ku Africa mpaka m'ma 19 - ndi manyazi lowopsya la wotukuka Europe. Anthu akhagulisa woipa kuposa chirombo, ndipo zimagulitsidwa mu Old ndi New World.

makolo athu anayamba kugula ndi kugulitsa posachedwapa. Mbiri ya malonda mu Russia akuyamba ndi zaka VIII-IX, ndipo linali likulu la Kiev. Pa msika yachilendo, makolo athu mu masiku amenewo amaperekedwa uchi, tsitsi, ulimi. M'dera la mzinda zinachitika pa msika malo, kumene iwo anagulitsa chikopa, ubweya, ziwiya zosiyanasiyana. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma XII, Novgorod anakhala waukulu Russian pakati malonda, ndi m'zaka za zana XIV - Moscow. makolo athu amadziwa kugulitsa, ndipo iwo ankadziwa woweruza wabwino. Ife anayamba kuoneka zosiyanasiyana fairs ndi Gostiny Dvor.

Masiku a Peter mbiri ya malonda mu Russia amakhala ku Ulaya. Amalonda ndi industrialists bwinobwino kulimbikitsa dziko pa msika dziko. Umayamba zambiri tima zogula katundu ku Europe ndi America. Pofika cha m'ma XVIII kupanga makampani akuluakulu kumanga ubale ndi India ndi China, kumene katundu ambiri kunja. Pakutha mbiri XIX m'zaka za chitukuko cha malonda Russia wafika pachimake. Ufumu ndi limodzi la Mphamvu za akutsogolera gawo mkango wa exporting malonda ku dziko msika.