Abwino Anzanu Mafuta

Tisanafotokoze alankhulepo za zomwe ndi mavuto ndi mafuta abwino, chiyenera kumveketsa zili yokha "abwino mpweya" lingaliro. A mfundo imeneyi amadziwika ndi chitsanzo masamu, chilinganizo chilengedwe amaganiza kuti kufalitsidwa kwa mphamvu kuchita ndi kayendedwe ka maselo zimavuta ngati kuti mphamvu ndi kuthekera akhoza kuwasamalira. tanthauzo Chemico kuthupi ndi kuyembekezera elasticity mtheradi makoma chotengera, lomwe ndi gasi, ndiponso amazindikira negligible mtengo kukopa mphamvu mamolekyulu wa nyemba kumenya khoma chotengera ndi mzake.

kuzindikira zimenezo wa akamanena za mafuta abwino ali kwambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito pothetsa vuto yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe mpweya.

Mu kuthupi, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya abwino: tingachipeze powerenga, amene katundu ofunitsitsa ndi malamulo okonzera Agiriki ndi kwadzidzidzi, chikhalidwe chimene anachokera ku mfundo za kwadzidzidzi zimango.

The oyamba aone kuti pali ambiri lalikulu French sayansi Benua Klapeyron. Iye anayamba ndi chakudya zoyambirira za chiphunzitso cha mafuta abwino, zomwe ndi maziko a ziphunzitso zonse mwamakono kuphunzira mpweya zosiyanasiyana.

Udindo kuyambira chiphunzitso ichi anapeza kuti zoipazi ndi mtengo wa mafuta abwino pa zonse liniya chikhalidwe cha buku lake malinga kutentha. M'pofunika kuganizira ena contingencies mfundo:

- m'mimba mwake wa mamolekyulu mafuta abwino yaing'ono kunyalanyaza kufunika kwake kuvomereza;

- zimachitika pakati pa mamolekyulu akhoza anasamutsa lokha pa mwansanga, motero, mukhoza kunyalanyaza ndi mphamvu ya kukopa pakati pawo;

- chiwerengero cha mphamvu ya mamolekyulu mpweya anazindikira mwa nthawi zonse, pakalibe kutentha ndi ntchito anachita pa mpweya. Pankhaniyi, abwino mpweya kuthamanga zimadalira Uwerenge magnitudes zimachitika amene amayambira ku kugunda ndi mamolekyulu makoma chotengera.

Pa kuli ziphunzitso za asayansi ambiri chinkhoswe mu kuphunzira chikhalidwe thupi ndi mankhwala mpweya, ndi njira ambiri a iwo anali osiyana. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti chakuti ziphunzitso thupi tikambirane gulu la mpweya wabwino mwa mawu a malamulo amene anaika maziko a kafukufuku kuti sayansi - Fermi gasi, Bose mpweya, ndipo ena. Choncho, malinga ndi ofanana njira ankaona mpweya imodzi kukwaniritsa malamulo ndi Boyle ndi lamulo Gay-Lussac akuti: PV = Bt, kumene tsa - kuthamanga, T - mtheradi kutentha. Ndondomeko amatipatsa Mendeleev pa lingaliro yaitali katundu: PV = m / M X RT, amene anatchulidwa: R - mpweya zonse, M - molar misa, mamita - misa.

Chimodzi mwa anayamba oyambirira ndi ziphunzitso za katundu mpweya anali kufotokoza za katundu wa onse abwino mpweya kuthamanga. Koma lingaliro ili anali ndi zolakwa zokhudzana ndi njira imodzi amaganiza phunzirolo. Choncho, ngakhale kuyeza kuchuluka kwa kuthamanga sitingathe kuzindikira magawo a mfundo avareji mphamvu kayendedwe aliyense mamolekyulu munthu, komanso anthu ambiri mamolekyulu izi chotengeracho. Choncho, chizindikiro zambiri zina mwa zomwe ntchito akhoza kuthetsa vutoli. kutentha wakhala akufuna monga sayansi wambiri. Izi kuchuluka scalar mu yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe amapereka lingaliro limene boma matenthedwe a dongosolo ndi mmene mphamvu yake. Koma chiphunzitso mpweya kutentha n'kofunika ndi mmene maselo kayendedwe chizindikiro, chifukwa limafotokoza khalidwe la tinthu mpweya mu chotengera, ndipo ikusonyeza mkulu kayendedwe mphamvu. mtengo uwu umatchedwa Boltzmann zonse.

Afufuze chilinganizo cha kuthamanga kuti asalowe zovuta za masamu apamwamba, m'pofunika chongopeka timathandiza ena simplifications:

- mawonekedwe a mamolekyulu akuimira mu mawonekedwe a dera la;

- mtunda pakati mamolekyulu ndi kudzapereka wamphamvu zazikulu, kanthu yekha a magulu kukopa anthu ambiri;

- ndi mathamangidwe wa mamolekyulu ndi kukhazikitsa pa mlingo pakuchitika;

- azipereka khoma chotengera ndi zotanuka mwamtheradi.

Kuchokera pamenepa, ife tikhoza chilinganizo chimene abwino mpweya kuthamanga adzakhala quotient za ukulu wa mphamvu akuchita perpendicular khoma chotengera pa malo pamwamba pa zomwe mphamvu zochita: tsa = F / S.

Nthawi imeneyo, pamene zosabvuta wathu sangachite kudziwa mmene kusintha yabwino mpweya kuthamanga pa dongosolo imeneyi ayenera kulowa mfundo zina.