Anthu akale Russia. Mbiri ya boma ndi Russian anthu

anthu akale Russia anayamba m'mayiko resettlement ndi obzhivanie kale kuwuka kwa statehood. N'chifukwa chake choyamba ndi Grand Duke la Russia - Rurik - kuika ndalama yaikulu khama kuti akonze boma limodzi, mayi wa mitundu yambiri.

Zoyesayesa loyamba kuphunzira za anthu akale

Mbali yaikulu ya kuphunzira anthu Asilavo kuti pali yothandizira mphamvu ubale yapakati-mitundu galimoto. Kodi zikutanthauza chiyani? Phunzirani anthu lenileni la Russia, ndikofunika comprehensively kufufuza nkhaniyo. Mwachitsanzo, kuika pa anthu a dera Central, muyenera khutu ku dziko la kum'mawa kwa Ulaya ndi Siberia.

maphunziro onse a dongosolo chisanadze chosintha ndi lolunjika pa anthu umodzi Russian. Mphamvu ya mitundu ina, ngati si amachotsedwa sayansi, mwa njira zina otchulidwa, koma si monga funso kutsogolera, koma ngati mwambo wina. Mfundo yekha kuboma ndi kuti pang'onopang'ono anatsanulira Finno-Ugric mafuko, anthu a m'dziko la Russia.

Only m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, Russia anayamba kuonedwa ngati boma mbiri Mipikisano mitundu. Sungabisalire chakuti mfundo imeneyi zakhala anapanga mchikakamizo cha asayansi European. Patapita nthawi, anayamba kufalitsa ntchito za olemba Orthodox, kuwauza kuti anthu ameneŵa la Russia zikukwaniritsidwa mchikakamizo cha chiyambi wakale m'Baibulo. "Anthu Russian - anthu ndi kuzindikira ndi Mulungu akale chiyambi Kyivan" - kutanthauziridwa monga nthano ya mmodzi wa atsogoleri a mpingo - A. Nechvolodov. Pakuti iye ankaona mapangidwe Asikuti, Huns ndi anthu ena payokha alipo.

M'zaka makumi awiri, panali azimuth wa ganizo mbiri, monga chiphunzitso Eurasian.

Folk chiyambi: zinali bwanji?

mazana angapo Chikhristu chisanayambe panali chochitika chachikulu mbiri: chitsulo liyamba mwakhama ntchito m'malo mwa mkuwa. Ponseponse chitsulo miyala anapereka osati amagwiritsidwa ntchito zopangira, komanso mphamvu ya ndalama chopangidwa.

Nthawi imeneyi pali kuzirala mwapang'onopang'ono nyengo, limodzi ndi kuwonjezeka mu kuchuluka kwa nthaka yachonde, nyengo malo a ulimi nyama, zimasiyanasiyana ntchito tizilombo omwe amatuluka mu mawu a danga madzi, amene ali ndi ubwino zikuchokera mitsinje, nyanja, mitsinje ndi zina zotero.

Mkubwela kwa zitsulo anthu akale Russia anayamba chitukuko yogwira. Mafuko ambiri ntchito chitsulo monga chuma m'munsi. Nthawi imeneyi, yodziwika ndi wakale Russian resettlement makolo a Asilavo anthu, Latvians, Estonians, Lithuanians, kumpoto kum'mawa Finno-Ugric mafuko, komanso zina ena ochepa kuti kumene kuli anthu danga la ku Russia ndi ku Eastern Europe.

«Iron zisinthe" akweza mlingo wa ulimi, ali inapita patsogolo kudula kwambiri mitengo ya m'minda, akamasuke lolemera munda ntchito tillers. Anthu akale a Russia, amene maina sakudziwika kwa mbiri, pang'onopang'ono anayamba kusonyeza mbali zapadera misa okwana anthu. Mapangidwe mtundu uliwonse zimakhudza osodlosti, chitukuko cha nyama husbandry ndi ulimi. Komanso, yothetsa mu mbali zosiyana za dziko, anthu Asilavo zapita zoweta chinenero luso anansi - meryam, Chud, Karelia, ndi zina zotero. Ndipotu ikufotokoza kuchuluka kwa mawu mu Estonia Msilavo, zokhudzana ndi ulimi lathu.

Ndi kuthetsa loyamba

The prototypes loyamba la mizinda komwe ankakhala ndipo anapanga mitundu ndi wamkulu boma Russian, analipo m'nthawi ya Zakachikwi BC. A azimuth ofanana zimawonedwa mu Europe Northern, ndi Urals ndi - ndi zithunzi malire kuthetsa anthu Asilavo.

Kutchinjiriza expanses nkhalango chinathandiza chiwonongeko cha moyo mafuko ammudzi. Tsopano anthu akale Russia moyo nyumba kapena olimba, amene kwambiri wofooka ndi zimakhalira pachibale kamodzi dera lalikulu ndi lamphamvu. Pang'onopang'ono amakakamizidwa resettlement wa anthu kusiya malo okhalamo ake, ndipo pang'onopang'ono kusuntha mu kum'mwera easterly malangizo. Anasiya nyumba ankatchedwa midzi. Ndiyamika midzi ngati ndi nyumba, mbiri ya Russia nthawi zakale ali mfundo zambiri ndi sayansi. Asayansi tsopano mukhoza kuweruza tsiku ndi tsiku anthu, kumene anakulira, maphunziro ndi ntchito. Mu masiku a mizinda nyumbayi pali zizindikiro loyamba stratification chikhalidwe.

Limbo Asilavo magulu woima fuko

Asayansi ambiri ali ndi maganizo kuti Asilavo mu unyinji ali m'mayiko a European chiyambi. Motero, anthu ambiri akale Russia poyamba kumene kuli anthu osati dera la lamakono, komanso mbali yaikulu ya kum'mawa kwa Ulaya ndi maiko a kum'mwera kwa India ano.

Chiyambi wamba a mitundu angapo amapereka zinenero wamba ano. Ngakhale chiyambi osiyana a chitukuko, mu zinenero za maiko oyandikana lachilendo kupeza nambala yaikulu ofanana, mwa tanthauzo lake ndi katchulidwe ka mawu. Today ankaona kuti tikuchita Acelt, Germany, Asilavo, Roman, India aku Iran, ndi mabanja ena chinenero.

The kuloŵerera wa Asilavo

Monga primordial fuko sanakhale ndi moyo palibe anthu. Mu nthawi yogwira midzi Chisilavo zinachitika kuloŵerera ndi mafuko oyandikana ndi madera.

Pa umboni wa mbiri ya Boma la dziko ndi anthu a Russia ndi chete. Pa nkhani imeneyi, kwa zaka zambiri, asayansi, atsogoleri atapereka zosiyanasiyana malingaliro. Mwachitsanzo, mbiri woyamba Nestor kuti anthu Asilavo poyamba anali kukhala malire a ku Central ndi Eastern Europe, ndiponso gulu mitundu anatenga Danube mtsinje beseni ndi Balkan Peninsula.

Asayansi - oimira bourgeoisie anaika patsogolo chiphunzitso yakuti kumudzi wa Asilavo ali mbali yaing'ono ya dera la Carpathians.

mitundu Russian mwachidule za Asilavo a wachiwiri Zakachikwi BC

The anzeru a Asilavo ankakhulupirira fuko lalikulu mbiri ya kale, yalelo. Nthawi yathu abwera zoona kuti anthu Msilavo unakhazikitsidwa mchikakamizo cha Antes, ndi Veneti, Wends, ndi zina zotero.

Agiriki kuzindikiridwa dera la Asilavo mu njira zotsatirazi: kumadzulo - kwa Elbe; kumpoto - ku Nyanja Baltic; kum'mwera - kwa mtsinje wa Danube; kummawa - kwa Zakudya ndi Oka. Komanso, wakale Greek apaulendo, anzeru ndi asayansi sanali okha deta imeneyo. Malinga ndi iwo, anthu Asilavo tikukhala mu Russia, akhoza kuthetsa patali kum'mwera chakum'mawa mwa chachikulu ndi lachonde zone nkhalango-steppe. Ndi njira Kukwatiwa moyo m'nkhalango wachuma wa dziko, yogwira kusaka ndi kupha nsomba, kusonkhanitsa masamba ndi zipatso anali chifukwa kuyanjana ndi Asilavo Sarmatians.

Malinga Herodotus, kum'mawa kwa Ulaya anakhala anthu lotchedwa Asikuti. Tikumbukenso kuti, pansi tanthauzo limeneli, kumvetsa osati wa Asilavo mafuko, komanso zina zambiri mafuko.

Olemera kumpoto kum'mawa kwa Ulaya?

anthu akale Russia satanthauza kuti kutchulidwa kwa anthu Msilavo. Wachiwiri kukula chiwerengero cha mafuko ndi resettlement mwa malire boma la azikhala Chilituyaniya-Chilativiya gulu.

Anthu awa a mafuko a Finno-Ugric chinenero banja: ndi Finns, Estonians, Mari, Mordvins ndi zina zotero. Sitipereka anthu dziko la Russia anali ofanana ndi Asilavo mafuko moyo. Komanso, zinenero zokhudzana achititsa mwakhama kulimbikitsa zatchulidwazi madera yosiyanasiyana.

Chinthu chapadera cha Latvians ndi Lithuanians chinali chifukwa chakuti ambiri mwa nthawi yocheza ndi anapatsa kavalo kuswana kuposa ulimi. Pa nthawi yomweyo linamangidwa odalirika midzi-midzi. Kungoona nkhani ya apaulendo, Herodotus wotchedwa Chilituyaniya-Chilativiya gulu Tissagets.

Ancient Lazaro: Asikuti ndi Sarmatians

Imodzi mwa oimira zochepa za banja chinenero aku Iran, kusiya kokha kotsalira mu mbiri, ndi Asikuti ndi Sarmatians. Moti anthu awa litatenga dera la kum'mwera kwa Russia ku Altai.

Asikuti ndi Sarmatian m'dera lili ndi zinthu zambiri zofanana ndi mafuko ena, koma konse umodzi ndale chiyambi. Ngakhale mu zana lachisanu BC pa malire a mafuko yothetsa zinachitika stratification chikhalidwe, ndipo anachititsa nkhondo yogonjetsa. Pang'onopang'ono Asikuti anagonjetsa mafuko Black Sea, maulendo ambiri ku Balkans, Asia, Transcaucasia.

nthano Amazing kupita ku chuma cha Asikuti. The manda a mafumu pawned ndalama zosaneneka za golide. Choncho, tiyenera kufufuza ndithu stratification amphamvu a anthu, komanso mphamvu ya kalasi osankhika.

Choona chidwi ndi Asikuti anali ogaŵikana angapo magulu mafuko. Mwachitsanzo, mu chigwa cha kum'mawa kwa Dnieper moyo wosamukasamuka mitundu inanso, nawonso, cha kumadzulo kwa mtsinje anthu Asikuti-alimi. Mu gulu osiyana allocated Royal Asukuti anayenda pakati pa Dnieper ndi kutsikira Don. Only pano mungapeze n'chodabwitsa manda olemera ndi kuthetsa mphamvu yokhala ndi mipanda yolimba.

History of Russia kuyambira kale komanso amapereka mabungwe n'zosadabwitsa zazikulu mafuko Asikuti-Sarmatian. Pang'onopang'ono pophatikizana ngati wafunsira boma la dongosolo la kapolo. Dziko loyamba kuti dziko linakhazikitsidwa mafuko Chisindi, ena - chifukwa cha Thracian Nkhondo.

Wamphamvu boma Msukuti unakhazikitsidwa mu zaka za zana lachitatu BC, icho chinali chimake cha Crimea. Malo ano Simferopol ili protagonist nthano - mzinda dzina wokongola wa Naples - likulu la ufumu ya Asikuti. Iwo anali malo amphamvu, kutetezedwa makoma mwala ndipo okonzeka ndi yaikulu yosungirako tirigu.

Asikuti onse chinkhoswe mu ulimi, ndi kulipira mwapadera kwa gawo la ulimi nyama. Mu BC atumwi, mwa mafuko mwachangu anayamba ntchito luso. Bright ndi zapadera chikhalidwe cha Asikuti akadali akuphunziridwa asayansi-mbiri yakale. Izi anapatsa anthu kukula maganizo zithunzi, ziboliboli ndi zolengedwa zina luso. Chibwenzi, m'nyumbayi anali kumatikumbutsabe za moyo wakale.

Pali maganizo mafuko a Asikuti sanali ratu pa mapu. Kukhalapo kwa kapolo anthu yamavuto ndi zoonekeratu, koma ndi mkulu mafuko Asilavo a mosavuta kuloŵerera. Zimenezi limatiuza za chiyambi cha mawu ambiri a chinenero chamakono Russian. Ngati Asilavo ankadya "galu", pamodzi ndi mawu ntchito Scytho-Iran "galu"; Common Chisilavo "zabwino" ndi zofanana Asikuti-Sarmatian "zabwino" ndi zina zotero.

Sikuti kuganizira Asikuti ana mwachindunji kwa anthu Asilavo Komabe, kumatikumbutsabe chikhalidwe wakale chidwi alipo.

Black Sea gombe: Greek mizu

Nations zinalili pa dera la Black Sea gombe, ndi zaka pang'ono yathu ino anali kugwidwa ndi Chigiriki bandit squads. Kwa zaka zambiri kumeneko apanga mzinda-limati ndi chikhalidwe wakale Greek. Lopinda ubwenzi kapolo.

Ancient Russia anaphunzira yaikulu zinachitikira kwambiri moyo Greek. Mwapadera anayamba mu gawo ili la boma anali ulimi, kutchera misampha ndi nsomba mchere, vinyo, processing tirigu, kunja kwa dziko Asikuti. Kufala ndi kutchuka wabweza ceramic luso. Komanso, chitsanzo wakhala chitidwe malonda ndi mayiko kunja. Wapatali Greek chokongoletsera zinagwa ntchito ya mafumu ndi Msukuti ndipo anazindikira pamodzi ndi chuma m'deralo.

City, anapanga pa madera a ufumu wakale Greek mzinda-limati, ayamba mkulu mlingo wa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Osawerengeka mipingo, masewera ziboliboli ndi zojambula chokongoletsedwa moyo tsiku Ahelene. Pang'onopang'ono, mzinda wodzazidwa ndi mafuko wakunja, amene, oddly mokwanira, adzalemekezedwa wakale Agiriki, kupulumutsa zipilala za luso, komanso kuphunzira malemba ankaphunzitsa.

Ancient Russian anthu: anthu a Bosporan Ufumu

Kumpoto Black Sea Coast chiyambi cha chitukuko cha za zana lachisanu BC. Apa anapanga chokha n'chimene boma yaukapolo dzina la Bosporus - makono Kerch. Major gulu landale inatenga zaka 9 kokha, kenako mu m'zaka za zana lachinayi BC, anawonongedwa ndi Huns.

Anaphatikizana ndi anthu Greek wa Sea kumpoto Black pang'onopang'ono anakakhala pa Kerch Peninsula, malire m'munsi mwa Don. Iwo anatenga ndi Taman Peninsula. Yogwira chitukuko cha anthu otchulidwa kum'mawa kwa boma, kwa mgwirizano wa mafuko pang'onopang'ono wolemekezeka otchuka ndi anthu apamwamba, amene alumikizirana ndi oimira wachuma wa anthu Greek.

The kutsogolera woyamba kuwonongedwa kwa boma anali kapolo kupanduka kutsogoleredwa ndi Savmak. Nthawi imeneyi ndi Lazaro Ancient anadzazidwa ndi kupatukana ndi kuukira. Pang'onopang'ono, dera Black Sea wakhala kwathunthu anagwidwa ndi Getae ndi Sarmatians, ndipo kenako pafupifupi inawonongedwa.

Mapangidwe Russian mbiri wachuma wa Russia ano linali kufooketsedwa ndi anthu okhala m'dera Central. Komanso kunathandiza kwambiri a mitundu ina. Pakali pano, n'zosatheka ndendende kuona ngati Asilavo anali mayiko omwe akutukuka anthu awo kapena mapangidwe awo bwanji aliyense kuchokera kunja. funso lakonzedwa kulola sayansi yamakono mbiri.