Muukapolo wamba magawo ndi makhalidwe awo

Pamene Russian Tsar Ivan yachitatu ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya boma zinali umalimbana "kusonkhanitsa m'mayiko Russian" padziko Moscow, malinga ndi kumasulidwa ku khans wa gulu. Pa dziko Ufumuyo chofunika kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ntchito zawo zinachititsa mu dongosolo m'dera ulamuliro dziko. Malinga ndi iye, boma m'dziko unasamutsidwa servitor ntchito osakhalitsa kapena moyo monga mphoto chifukwa cha ntchito ndi kupeza ndalama. Choncho anapanga asilikali Local. Mayiko kumene zinapangidwa landlords kwa 1497 akadali ntchito alimi ndi zaufulu, amene akhoza kusuntha kwa munthu "bwana" mzake seamlessly, kupanga mtengo ntchito nyumba ndi dziko komanso kupereka ngongole yonse.

Agriculture si abwino kayendedwe kawirikawiri

Kumeneko mpaka 1497 muukapolo wamba? Masiteji mkombero ulimi chiyani kwenikweni amathandiza kuti gulu yogwira alimi pa chigawo wina ndi mzake. Ichi ndi chifukwa chofunika makonzedwe a nyumba yatsopano, latsopano maphunziro m'dera pansi mbewu, chilengedwe cha malo okwanira kwa nthawi yoyamba. Choncho wamba zaufulu mu nthawi osiyanasiyana ndiwofatsa ndipo anasamukira, sikuti nthawi zonse koma anali ndi ufulu kuchita. Tillers dothi m'zaka za m'ma 15 anaganiza kugawanitsa ku novoprihodtsev ndi starozhiltsev. Yoyamba chikanathandiza ubwino mbuye wake ang'onoang'ono (kukopa anthu oti mu ulimi), ndipo chachiwiri umene ndi misonkho si lalikulu kwambiri, kuyambira ntchito zonse, ndipo iwo anali nako chidwi. Wamba akhoza ntchito monga mbali ya mbewu (ladles) kapena chidwi (zasiliva).

Ufulu akanakhoza kokha pafupifupi yozizira

Kodi ukapolo wa Amaya? Magawo a ndondomeko imeneyi anatambasula kwa zaka zingapo. Zinthu zinasintha ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Ivan gulu lachitatu la malamulo - Sudebnik, umene umati kuchoka khamu wina kwa mlimi wina akanakhoza pokhapokha ntchito zaulimi, patsiku St. George ndi sabata isanayambe kapena itatha kupereka "okalamba." Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti pa zaka phwando la oyera - George Wamkulu Martyr - kumakumbukulidwa pa masiku osiyana. Malingana ndi kalendala yakale, lero imagwera pa November 26, m'zaka 16-17, izo kumakumbukulidwa pa December 6, ndipo m'masiku athu - 9 December. Sudebnik komanso Mzimuyo kuchuluka kwa "okalamba ', limene linali rubles wina ku mabanja ili mu minda, ndipo polrublya ku minda imeneyi nkhalango, mokomera mwininyumba lapansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, amalipiritsa ichi chinali zaka zinayi, kuti, ngati mlimi anakhala ndi ntchito chaka, anali kulipira kotala la kuchuluka anatsimikiza Sudebnik.

Zochita za ndondomeko zikuluzikulu za ukapolo wa Amaya

Mwana ndi wolandira Ivan III, Vasily lachitatu, kukodzedwa Muscovy ndi Kuwonjezera Ryazan, Novgorod-Seversky ndi Starodub ukulu. Ngati njira yogwira centralization mphamvu, amene anatsagana ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya boyars ndi kukula kwa dziko la otchuka, mu zigawo amene anali munthu kugwira ntchito ndi. Zotsatira chawonjezeka nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Ivan IV (m'khutu), amene Sudebnik wake 1550 anatsimikizira lamanja la landlords kulola wamba chabe mu Tsiku la St. George, pamene kuchepetsa ufulu wa anthu wamba ndi akapolo, ndi kuukitsa "lakale" awiri anagunda jackpot. Magawo a ukapolo wa wamba Russia anali mmodzi.

Non-free tillers anali mu Russia kuyambira Kale

About menials ayenera kunena mawu ochepa payokha. udindo uwu kumasula yekha munthu wakhalapo kuyambira nthawi of Ancient Lazaro maukulu mpaka 1723. Kapolo kapolo leni (kapolo anagwidwa mu nkhondo amatchedwa "Chelyadyn" ndipo anali oipa kwambiri malo ake kwa kapolo). akapolo anagwera mu nthawi ya nkhondo, chifukwa cha upandu (kalonga akanakhoza kutenga ukapolo kupita munthu amene anachita kupha ndi kuba, anachita kuwotcha dala ndi kavalo-kuba), mu insolvency mu malipiro a mangawa kapena osakhala ufulu kwa makolo kubadwa.

Kapolo akhale mongodzipereka, ngati munthu akakwatira sanali wopanda munthu amene anadzigulitsa (osachepera pa 0.5 hryvnia, koma pamaso pa mboni), anali mtumiki kapena Tiuna (kotheka mabwenzi ena Zikatero). Ndi mwini wa akapolo ufulu kuchita chilichonse, kuphatikizapo akugulitsa ndi kupha nthawi yomweyo kukhala ndi udindo pa zochita zawo lachitatu maphwando. Akapolo ntchito apo, pomwe iwo adzakuperekani, kuphatikizapo pansi. Choncho tikhoza kunena kuti ukapolo wa Amaya, masitepe amene ikukhudzana bwanji ndi zaka 15-16 zoona, zochokera mchitidwe olemera a dongosolo kapolo.

A chiletso tsankho pa kusintha kwa

Asanamwalire (mu mu 1581) Ivan Grozny ali woyikidwa yosaloledwa kulanda tillers Ine V Yurev Day, kuchita kalembera ambiri a m'dzikoli ndi kuwunika mmene ndi khalidwe la kasamalidwe pa izo. Zinali chinthu china chomwe chinapangitsa ukapolo zina osauka a. Magawo chitukuko cha ukapolo wa kachitidwe Komabe, zimachitika nthawi imeneyi m'khutu, ndipo mfumu Fyodor Ivanovich, amene akuoneka kukhala ngati lamulo mu 1592.

Othandiza chiletso KWAMBIRI akusonyeza kuti ratification pamaso 1592 muli maumboni "choletsedwa (zoletsedwa) chilimwe", pamene mbali Fedor amakhulupirira kuti sitili pa otchula "zaka ngoletsedwa" mu zolembedwa pambuyo 1592 zikusonyeza kuti chiletso unayamba mu 1592-1593 biennium. Momveka pa nkhani iyi si choncho. Dziwani kuti chiyembekezo chakuti Tsiku la St. George sankafuna kanthu pa gawo lonse la Russia - kumwera kwa amphawi za kuyenda kwa khamu wina ndi mzake motalika kokwanira.

Complete ukapolo wa alimi

Magawo chachikulu cha ukapolo wa wamba m'ma 16 sinathe ntchito tatchulawa. Mu 1597 izo polima lamulo pa nthawi zaka malire, zomwe anakhazikitsa kuti wamba amathawathawa amabwezeretsedwa mwiniwake woyamba kwa zaka 5. Ngati mawu amenewa chifukwa kumwalira ndi mwiniwake woyamba wakhala si anakasuma mlandu chifukwa kufufuza, ndi wothawa anakhalabe pa malo atsopano. Monga ndege ankaona kunyamuka aliyense ndi kubwerera wopangidwa ndi katundu wao yense ndi banja.

zaka atathana pang'ono zimafika pansi Boris Godunov

Magawo a ukapolo malamulo a osawuka ndi anachitapo 1597 ndi ulemu osati mlimi, ngakhale poyerekezera ndi mkazi wake ndi ana, omwe "atathana" dziko. zaka khumi pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo a nthawi malire (1607) vutolo ali kukakamizidwa antchito kumidzi lafika poipa kuyambira Vasilii Shuyskom inaika lamulo zokulitsa kufufuza kwa zaka khumi, amene kwambiri lakamba zambiri za ufulu wa nzika pa ntchito za wamba lapansi. pepala ili kumufotokozera akuphwanya malamulo kulipira nthawi zaka malire mu ulamuliro wa Boris Godunov, amene anapanga zokambirana, zambiri chifukwa njala chaka 1601-1602.

Kodi kumaliza magawo onse a ukapolo wa Amaya? Mwachidule - wathunthu chiyembekezo chakuti a zaka nthawi malire a ntchito ofufuza ndipo obisalira lopitirira. Izi zinachitika pa Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, ndipo formalized Council Code 1649. Patapita zaka zoposa mazana awiri, mu 1861, serfdom kuti lithe ndi alimi Russian adzalandira ufulu wachibale.