Chemical katundu wa alcohols

opangidwa kuchokera Hydrocarbon ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo maatomu wa hydrogen mu molekyulu ndi, mmalo pa -OH gulu (gulu hydroxyl kapena hydroxy gulu), - izo alcohols. The katundu mankhwala anatsimikiza ndi hydrocarbon amakani ndi gulu hydroxyl. Alcohols kupanga osiyana magazi mndandanda m'menemo anthu a m'magulu yosiyana motsatizana ku membala yapitayi kwa homology kusiyana lolingana = CH2. zinthu zonse kalasi akhoza ankaimira mfundo: R-HA. Pakuti mankhwala monohydric Kuchepetsa ambiri mankhwala ndiyo njira CnH2n + 1OH. Malinga ndi maina mayiko nomenclature akhoza popangidwa ndi kuwonjezera hydrocarbon kutsekedwa ol (methanol, Mowa, propanol, etc.).

Izi kalasi yosiyanasiyana ndi lonse la mankhwala. Malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa magulu -OH mu molekyulu, ndi lagawidwa mono-, di- ndi trihydric zotero - polyhydric pawiri. Chemical katundu wa alcohols komanso zimadalira zili magulu magulu hydroxyl pa molekyulu. zinthuzi ndale musati dissociate mu ayoni mu madzi, monga zidulo amphamvu kapena zapansi amphamvu. Komabe, pangakhale monga ofooka acidic (kuchepetsedwa ndi kuchuluka mowa kulemera maselo ndi nthambi ya unyolo hydrocarbon) kapena zofunika (kuwonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kulemera maselo ndi nthambi molekyulu) katundu.

Chemical katundu alcohols kumadalira mtundu ndi okhudza malo dongosolo la atomu: ndi mamolekyulu ndi isomerism unyolo ndi malo isomers. Malinga ndi chiwerengero pazipita kumangidwa umodzi wa mpweya atomu (hydroxy gulu womangidwa kwa) ndi maatomu ena mpweya (ndi 1, 2 kapena 3) kusiyanitsa alcohols chachikulu (yachibadwa), sekondale kapena ukachenjede. alcohols chachikulu ndi hydroxyl gulu zaikidwa ndi mpweya atomu chachikulu. Pa zasekondale ndi ukachenjede - ku sekondale ndipo ukachenjede, motero. Popeza propanol kuoneka isomers kuti amasiyana ndi malo a gulu hydroxyl: propyl mowa C3H7-o, ndi CH3- isopropyl mowa (CHOH) -CH3.

M'pofunika dzina ochepa mosiyanasiyana zazikulu zomwe zimatha mankhwala alcohols:

1. Pamene zimavuta ndi zitsulo soda kapena hydroxides (deprotonation anachita) alcoholates anapanga (atomu wa hydrogen m'malo ndi atomu zitsulo), malingana hydrocarbon kwakukulu akamagwira methoxide, ethoxide, propoxide ndi zina zotero, mwachitsanzo, sodium propylate: 2CH3CH2OH + 2Na → 2CH3CH2ONa + H2 ↑.
2. Pamene zimavuta acid hydrohalic kuikapo maganizo anapanga chimasanduka halogenated: HBr + CH3CH2OH ↔ CH3CH2Br + H2O. Zimenezi ndi kusintha. Chifukwa ndi M'MALO nucleophilic wa halogen ion, ndi hydroxyl gulu.
3. Alcohols akhoza oxidized kuti carbon dioxide, kuti aldehydes kapena ketones kuti. Alcohols kuwotcha pamaso pa mpweya: 3O2 + C2H5OH → 2CO2 + 3H2O. Mothandizidwa ndi amphamvu wothandizila oxidizing (asidi chromic, permanganate potaziyamu , etc.) alcohols yaikulu mtima mu aldehydes: C2H5OH → CH3COH + H2O, ndi sekondale - kuti ketones: CH3- (CHOH) -CH3 → CH3- (Cho) -CH3 + H2O.
4. Madzi m'thupi anachita atuluka pa Kutentha pamaso pa nthumwi dehydrating (nthaka enaake, chidulo cha safuriki, etc.). Ici ulikubala alkenes: C2H5OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O.
5. The esterification anachita komanso atuluka pa Kutentha pamaso pa dehydrating mankhwala, koma mosiyana ndi zimene m'mbuyomu pa m'munsi kutentha ndi kupanga ethers: 2C2H5OH → -C2H5O C2H5O. Acid sulfuric, zimene amapezeka mu mbali ziwiri. Choyamba, sulfuric asidi Ester aumbike: C2H5OH + H2SO4 → C2H5O-SO2OH + H2O, kenako Kutentha kwa 140 ° C ndi owonjezera mowa aumbike, diethyl (zambiri amatchedwa sulfure) efa: C2H5OH + C2H5O-SO2OH → C2H5O-C2H5O + H2SO4 .

The katundu mankhwala polyols, ndi kufanizira ndi katundu wawo thupi kumadalira mtundu wa hydrocarbon kwakukulu, kupanga molekyulu, ndi kumene, chiwerengero cha magulu hydroxyl m'menemo. Mwachitsanzo, ethylene glycol CH3OH-CH3OH (kuwira mfundo 197 ° C), chimene chiri 2 atomiki mowa ndi madzi colorless (a zokoma kukoma), amene wothira H2O, ndi alcohols m'munsi mwa magawo onse. Ethylene glycol monga homologues apamwamba zace kubwera mu zochita zonse khalidwe la alcohols monohydric. Glycerol CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH (kuwira mfundo 290 ° C) ndi woimira zosavuta 3 alcohols atomiki. Ndi wandiweyani kutsekemera podya madzi, amene ali wolemera kwambiri kuposa madzi, koma ndi wothira mu chiŵerengero iliyonse. Sungunuka mowa. Pakuti glycerin ndi homologues ake komanso yodziwika ndi zimene onse alcohols monohydric.

Chemical katundu alcohols chimatanthauza malangizo a ntchito yawo. Iwo ntchito monga mafuta (Mowa kapena butanol, etc.), monga solvents zosiyanasiyana mafakitale; monga zopangira kwa yopanga surfactants ndi detergents; kwa kaphatikizidwe zipangizo polymeric. Akuluakulu a kalasi ya mankhwala organic chimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga lubricants kapena madzi hayidiroliki, komanso kupanga medicaments ndi zinthu biologically yogwira.