Chirasha French nkhondo (1812-1814)

Chirasha French nkhondo ya 1812-1814. Iwo inatha chiwonongeko pafupifupi asilikali Napoleon a. Pa kumenyanako, izo linatulutsidwa dera lonse la Russian Ufumu, ndipo nkhondo yake anasamukira ku dziko la Germany ndi ku Duchy wa Warsaw. Kenaka tione mmene Chirasha French nkhondo.

kuyamba Date

Nkhondo anali chifukwa kwenikweni kukana Russia ndi kuthandiza mwakhama ndi anatseka misewu chokhala, amene adawona Napoleon monga chida chachikulu polimbana ndi Britain. Komanso, Bonaparte anatsogolera mfundo poyerekezera ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya, osati kutenga nkhani zofuna za Russia. Mu gawo loyamba la kumenyana asilikali zoweta anali kuthawa. Pamaso Moscow anatenga nkhondo ya Borodino. Kuchokera June kuti September 1812 kugonjetsa zovuta anali kumbali ya Napoleon. Kuyambira October kuti December, asilikali Bonaparte anayesa akamagwiritsa. Iwo anafuna kuti mupewe kumpanda yozizira inali m'madera sanali bankirapuse. Kenako, Chirasha French Nkhondo ya 1812 kupitiriza mthunzi wa asilikali Napoleon mu zikhalidwe za njala ndi chisanu.

Prerequisites nkhondo

Chifukwa panali Chirasha French nkhondo? Chaka 1807 TH anatsimikiza kuti waukulu Napoleon, ndi mu mfundo mdani wake yekha. Iwo anachita United Kingdom. Iye analanda madera French ku America ndi India, walenga zimalepheretsa malonda. Chifukwa chakuti England bwino pabwino pa nyanja, monga yodalirika chida Napoleon kulimbikitsa ndi anatseka misewu chokhala. nchito zake, nayenso, kudalira makhalidwe a mitundu ina ndi mtima wofuna kutsatira ziletso. Napoleon adamfunsa kwa Alexander Choyamba kukhazikitsa zambiri zogwirizana wa anatseka misewu, koma nthawi anakumana ndi kusafuna la Russia kusiya kugona ndi zibwenzi zake zazikulu malonda.

Mu 1810, dziko lathu lakhala nawo ufulu wochita malonda ndi limati ndale. Zimenezi zinathandiza Russia malonda ndi England kudzera intermediaries. Boma utenga mlingo kumbuyo, kulera ntchito miyambo, makamaka pa katundu French. Zimenezi zinachititsa kusakhutira lalikulu la Napoleon.

zolawula

Chirasha French Nkhondo ya 1812 mu gawo loyamba zinachitika nyengo Napoleon. May 9 anakumana Dresden ndi anagwirizana olamulira a ku Ulaya. Ali kumeneko anatuma asilikali ake pa mtsinje. Niemen, omwe analekana Prussia ndi Russia. June 22 Bonaparte akulankhula pamtima asilikali. , Iye mlandu Russia a reneging Tizilskogo mgwirizano. kuukira wake Napoleon lotchedwa Second Polish kuwukira. Mu June, asilikali ake wotanganidwa Kovno. Alexander I pa nthawi imene anali mu Vilna pa mpirawo.

June 25 anali zipolowe yoyamba odwala. Barbarishki. Nkhondo komanso zinachitika pa Rumshishkah ndi Popartsah. Akuti nkhondo Chirasha French inatheka ogwirizana Bonaparte wa. Cholinga chachikulu cha gawo loyamba anali Kuoloka kwa Neman. Choncho, kumbali yakum'mwera panali gulu la Kovno Beauharnais (Viceroy la Italy), kuchokera kumpoto - mlandu wa kulamulira Macdonald, ku Warsaw kudzera Bug atalanda thupi la General Schwarzenberg. 16 (28) June, Grand Army asilikali anali Vilna. 18 (30) Pa June Alexander ndidatumiza kwa Napoleon msilikali wothandiza mfumu uja General Balashov ndi mwatsatanetsatane kuti mtendere pakati pa Russia. Koma Bonaparte anakana.

Borodino

August 26 (September 7) mu 125 Km from Moscow anali nkhondo lalikulu, kenako Chirasha French nkhondo adapita script Kutuzov. Force mbali anali pafupifupi wofanana. Napoleon anali za 130-135 zikwi anthu, Kutuzov - .. 110-130 zikwi asilikali dziko analibe mfuti asilikali 31 zikwi za Smolensk ndi Moscow. Ankhondo anaperekedwa nsonga, koma Kutuzov sanagwiritse ntchito anthu monga chakudya Cannon. Iwo anachita ntchito zosiyanasiyana thandizo - ananyamula anavulazidwa, ndi zina zotero. Borodino kwenikweni anali anadzasokoneza ndi asirikali a Grand Army Russian malinga. mbali zonse ankagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zida zankhondo ndi kuukira ndi chitetezo.

Council mu Fili

nkhondo Borodinskoe inatenga maola 12. Zinali magazi nkhondo. Asilikali a Napoleon ndalama 30-34 zikwi. Anavulazidwa ndi akufa anagumula pambali kumanzere ndi kuwathamangitsa pakati pa malo Russian. Komabe, iwo analephera kukulitsa amanyansidwa ake. The zomvetsa Russian asilikali anali okwana 40-45 zikwi. Ntanda ndiwobvulazidwa. Ngakhale mmodzi kapena inayi panali pafupifupi palibe akaidi.

1 (13) Pa asilikali September Kutuzov ndi ili kutsogolo kwa Moscow. mapiko yoyenera pa mudzi wa Fili, pakati -. Pakati m. Utatu komanso. Volyn, anasiya - pamaso m. Vorobiev. Rearguard ili pa mtsinje. Setun. Pa 5:00 tsiku lomwelo, bungwe asilikali akambirane m'nyumba Frolov. Barclay de A Tolly kunena kuti Chirasha French nkhondo sadzakhala otaika, ngati inu kupereka Napoleon Moscow. Iye analankhula za kufunika kwa kusunga asilikali. Bennigsen Zikatero, anaumirira onyamula nkhondo. Ambiri mwa ophunzira ena amapereka malo ake. Komabe, mfundo bolodi kuika Kutuzov. Chirasha French nkhondo, iye anakhulupirira, adzakhala pa kugonjetsedwa kwa Napoleon, pokhapokha ngati n'zotheka kukhala asilikali zoweta. Kutuzov linasokonekera msonkhano ndipo analamula mthunzi. Ndi madzulo a September 14, Napoleon analowa m'chipululu Moscow.

Napoleon a Ukapolo

Mu Moscow, ndi French silinakhalitse. Patapita nthawi kuwukira kwawo kwa mzinda itagwira moto. asilikali Bonaparte anayamba kuthamanga lalifupi thandizo. Anthu akumeneko anakana kuwathandiza. Komanso, tinayamba kuukira zigawenga, inayamba kulinganiza militias. Napoleon anauzidwa kuti achoke Moscow.

Nthawiyi Kutuzov waika asilikali ake pa mthunzi wa French. Bonaparte anafuna kupita m'mizinda, sizidzawonongedwa ndi nkhondoyo. Komabe, maganizo ake zizipita asilikali Russian. Anakakamizika kupita pafupifupi pa msewu omwewo amene wabwera ku Moscow. Midzi panjira anali ofanana ndi kuwononga katundu iwo analibe, komanso anthu. Wotopa njala ndi asilikali a matenda Napoleon anali pansi kuukira zonse.

Chirasha French nkhondo: zotsatira

Malinga kuwerengetsera wa Clausewitz, ndi gulu lalikulu ndi reinforcements inkakhala za 610 zikwi Anthu, monga asilikali zikwi 50. Austria ndi Prussian.. Anthu ambiri amene ali okhoza kubwerera ku Konigsberg, pasanapite nthawi anamwalira ndi matenda. Mu December 1812 ndi Prussia woyamba anadutsa za 225 ankhondo, alonda zoposa 5000, 26 ndi ang'ono tithe zikwi m'munsi. Monga m'nthawi umboni, iwo onse anali mu chikhalidwe womvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Ambiri, Napoleon wataya m'ma 580 zikwi. Asilikali. Anyankhondo otsala anali msana wa asilikali watsopano Bonaparte. Komabe, mu January 1813 nkhondo kupita ku dziko la Germany. Ndiye, ndewu mu France. Mu October, asilikali a Napoleon anagonjetsedwa ku Leipzig. Mu April 1814 Napoleon antchito.

Zotsatira yaitali

Kodi dziko anapambana Chirasha French nkhondo? Deti la nkhondo imeneyi mbe mu mbiri monga kunasintha nkhani ya chikoka Russia pa zochitika za ku Ulaya. Nthawiyi, kulimbitsa ndi mfundo yachilendo dziko sichinali limodzi ndi kusintha mkati. Ngakhale kuti chigonjetso cha United ndipo anauzira misa, bwino sanadutsitse kuti kusintha kwa dera umoyo ndi zachuma. wamba ambiri amene anamenya nawo asilikali Russian kuyenda Europe ndipo anaona kuti serfdom linathetsedwa kulikonse. Iwo akuyembekezera kanthu chomwecho kwa boma lawo. Komabe, serfdom anapitiriza kulibe pambuyo 1812 Malinga ndi olemba mbiri ena, nthawi inali isanakwane kuti mokwanira preconditions, zomwe zingachititse Kulipira ake mwamsanga.

Koma funde mu kuukira osauka, kukhazikitsidwa kwa otsutsa ndale anthu otchuka mwapang'onopang'ono womutsata pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa mapeto a nkhondo, kutsutsa maganizo. Chigonjetso mu kukonda dziko lako nkhondo osati amasonkhana anthu ndi chinathandiza kuwuka kwa mzimu dziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu maganizo a misa kukuza malire a ufulu, zimene zinachititsa kuti zipolowe za Decembrists.

Komabe, osati ndi mwambo wokhudzana ndi chaka 1812. Iwo kalekale amanena kuti lonse dziko chikhalidwe, adzadziwire analandira mphamvu mu nthawi Napoleonic kuwukira. Herzen analemba nkhani yeniyeni ya Russia anatsegula yekha kuyambira 1812. Onse amene anali patsogolo, akhoza ankaona oyamba.

Pomaliza

Chirasha French nkhondo kusonyeza mphamvu ya anthu onse a Russia. Wotsutsana ndi Napoleon ndinagwira nawo osati asilikali zonse. M'midzi komanso midzi wowuka zigawenga kuyenda. Ankhondo anapanga magulu, anaukira asilikali a Grand Army. Ambiri, mbiri yakale amanena kuti wakutemwa si chimaonekera nkhondo imeneyi mu Russia. Ndi zothandiza kuti dziko ndi anthu ophweka wozunzayo ndi serfdom. Nkhondo ndi French anatembenuka maganizo a anthu. Unyinji amasonkhana, anaona luso lawo kuti amenyane ndi mdani. Kunalitu kugonja, osati asilikali, lamulo lake, koma anthu onse. Inde, alimi anali kuyembekezera kusintha miyoyo yawo. Koma, mwatsoka, ife anakhumudwa zochitika zina. Komabe, Kankhani kwa free, kukana ataperekedwa kale.