Onse Mendeleev kutsegula

wasayansi Russian Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) ndi wodziwika lamulo lake nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala, tebulo wakhala inamangidwa pa maziko a zimene iwo anali kudziŵa kuti munthu aliyense akadali pa sukulu. Koma kwenikweni, wasayansi wamkulu anali ndi chidwi zosiyanasiyana m'madera a chidziwitso. Mendeleyev Apeza kugwirizana ndi zimapangidwira, sayansi metrology, zachuma, nthaka, maphunziro, aeronautics ndi T. D.

lamulo zodziwitsa

Zodziwitsa lamulo - mmodzi wa malamulo lofunika zachilengedwe. Iwo kwagona kuti katundu wa zinthu mankhwala zimadalira kulemera atomiki. Mendeleev anapeza lamulo zodziwitsa mu 1869. Ungwiro awo zisinthe sayansi anamuzindikira ndi akatswiri nthawi yomweyo.

Akatswiri Russian akhala akuganizira lamulo la kumutsogolera dongosolo, amene kotheka kulosera zosadziwika ngati zinthu zimachitikira ndipo ngakhale chuma chawo. Pambuyo kutsegula awo posachedwa (ndi gallium, germanium ndi scandium), asayansi padziko lonse anayamba kuzindikira chikhalidwe chachikulu lamulo nthawi.

Kupezeka Mendeleev anatenga malo pa nthawi imene sayansi apindula ndi mfundo yatsopano balalabalala m'dzikoli. Chifukwa cha ichi, malamulo nthawi ndi kumangidwa pamaziko a patebulo lake nthawi ya zinthu akukumana ndi mavuto aakulu. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1890. Iwo anapeza mipweya wolemekezeka ndi chodabwitsa cha mpweya wa poizoni. Kuteteza chiphunzitso chakuti Mendeleev anapitiriza kumapangitsanso tebulo, mosagwirizana ndi mfundo zonse latsopano la sayansi. Mu 1900, a sayansi anaika argon, helium ndi analogues awo mu gulu osiyana ziro. M'kupita kwa nthawi, chikhalidwe chachikulu lamulo zodziwitsa anali kukhala koposa ena ndipo panopa ndi chimodzi mwa atulukira kwambiri pa mbiri ya sayansi zachilengedwe.

kafukufuku silicate

Zodziwitsa lamulo - n'chofunika kwambiri tsamba mu mbiriyakale ya sayansi, koma atulukira Mendeleev mu umagwirira sizinali mapeto. Mu 1854 iye anaphunzira Chifinishi orthite ndi pyroxene. Ndi mmodzi wa m'zinthu za ntchito za Mendeleyev zoyenera kapangidwe ka silicates. Mu 1856, wasayansi lofalitsidwa nkhani yolembedwa "Specific buku" (as wakhala imawunikidwa ubale pakati pa ndalama ndi chuma ndi makhalidwe ake). Mu chaputala pa mankhwala silika wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich ankafotokoza chikhalidwe cha silicates. Kuwonjezera apo, iye adayamba tanthawuzo lolondola la chodabwitsa boma kunyezimira.

gasi

Kupezeka oyambirira Mendeleev tikusonkhana ndi mankhwala wina ndi thupi pa nthawi yomweyo mutu - phunziro mpweya. wasayansi A nawo, chosakanikirana ndi kufunafuna zimayambitsa lamulo la periodicity. Mu XIX m'ma m'munda wa sayansi wakhala chiphunzitso otsogolera "efa dziko" - zonse ofala sing'anga kudzera amene anasamutsidwa kutentha, kuwala ndi yokoka.

Mwa kuphunzira amanena, wofufuza Russian anabwera zinthu zina zofunika. Choncho kutsegula mu sayansi nthawi, waukulu umene angatchedwe abwino mpweya aone kuti pali maonekedwe ndi mpweya zonse konsekonse. Komanso, Dmitri Ivanovich mwini thermodynamic kutentha lonse anali akufuna.

Total Mendeleev lofalitsidwa 54 ntchito zoyenera mpweya zakumwa. Wotchuka kwambiri chinali "dziko efa Experience mankhwala mfundo" mu dongosolo (1904) ndi "An pofuna kumvetsa mankhwala dziko aether" (1905). Mwa ntchito zawo, asayansi ntchito virialnye ulaliki ndipo potero maziko a maikwezhoni amakono kwa mpweya weniweni.

zothetsera

Dmitri Mendeleev anali ndi chidwi njira mu ntchito ya sayansi. Kafukufuku pa nkhaniyi sanadzisiyira chiphunzitso wathunthu, koma okha ndi mfundozo zingapo, powonetsa. Mfundo zofunika kwambiri njira ya ankaona ubale wao ndi mankhwala, umagwirira ndi la mgwirizano mankhwala mu njira.

Onse Mendeleev kutsegula mayeso kupyolera kuyesera. Ena mwa iwo nkhawa kuwira mfundo za njira zothanirana. Kudzera ulusi zofunikila kusanthula Mendeleev mu chaka 1860 anazindikira kuti kudutsa pansi Reflux nthunzi, madzi wotaya kutentha vaporization ndi mavuto padziko pansi kuti ziro. Komanso, asayansi Dmitri Ivanovich njira mukopedwe mapangidwe chiphunzitso njira electrolyte.

Mendeleev kukayikira amene anaonekera mu nthawi yake za chiphunzitso cha dissociation electrolytic. Popanda kumakana lingaliro kwambiri, wasayansi ananena kuti pakufunika younikanso wake, umene mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi ntchito yake pa njira mankhwala.

Muzipereka kwa aeronautics

Dmitri Mendeleev, atulukira ndiponso achita okhudza muzochitika zosiyanasiyana nzeru za anthu, chidwi osati nkhani ongolankhula, koma zoyambitsidwa amagwiranso ntchito. The cha m'ma XIX zinali zodzaza ndi kuchita chidwi kwambiri ndi aeronautics nascent. Kumene, katswiri Russian mwina koma kulabadira khalidwe la m'tsogolo. Mu 1875 adalenga ntchito yake stratospheric. Akuti chipangizo akhoza ngakhale kukwera mu zigawo chapamwamba mumlengalenga. Zochita woyamba ndege ngati zinachitika zaka makumi asanu patatha.

anapanga chinthu china Mendeleev ndinkagwira ntchito pa injini zibaluni. Aeronautics asayansi chidwi mosalephera poyerekezera ndi ntchito zina zokhudzana meteorology ndiponso gasi. Mu 1887, Mendeleev anapanga mayeso othawirako chibaluni. Zibaluni anakwanitsa kuphimba mtunda wa makilomita 100 pa okwera pafupifupi 4 makilomita. Pa ndege sayansi iye analandira golide Mendulo aerostatic French Academy of Meteorology. Mu monograph wake pa kukana zinthu chilengedwe, Mendeleev odzipereka aeronautics wina zigawo zimene anafotokoza maganizo ake pa nkhani imeneyi. chidwi Scientific mu zochitika ndege mpainiya Alexander Mozhaiskogo.

Kukula kwa North ndi shipbuilding

Kupezeka Akutsatira Mendeleev ndi mndandanda wa zomwe mukhoza kupitiriza ngati m'munda wa shipbuilding, zopangidwa mogwirizana ndi maulendo kafukufuku m'mayiko ambiri. Choncho, Dmitri Ivanovich woyamba akufuna lingaliro la thanki towing - khwekhwe experimental wofunikila maphunziro hydro-makina a zanyengo sitimayo. Mu kukhazikitsa maganizo sayansi iyi zinathandiza asilikali Stepan Makarov. Pa dzanja limodzi, dziwe zofunika zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi asilikali luso, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, izo zakhala zothandiza kwa sayansi. Experimental kupatula anapezerapo mu 1894.

Komanso, Mendeleev anamanga zinachitika oyambirira ayezi ndi. wasayansi anali m'gulu ntchito anasankha polojekiti potipatsa poyera woyamba mu dziko la chombo oterowo. Anakhala Chombo "Ermak" anapezerapo mu chaka cha 1898. Mendeleev ankachita nawo kafukufuku wa madzi nyanja (kuphatikizapo kachulukidwe ake). Nkhani phunziro la lili lomwelo, asilikali Makarov, amene anali mu ulendo dziko la "Vityaz". Kupezeka Mendeleev mu madera, nkhani ya kulanda North, anali kuperekedwa kwa asayansi oposa 36 lofalitsidwa ntchito.

metrology

Kuwonjezera maphunziro ena a sayansi, Mendeleev chidwi metrology - nzeru za njira ndi njira kayesedwe. Asayansi ntchito kukhala njira zatsopano masekeli. Monga sayansi, anali nkhoswe ya njira mankhwala kayesedwe. Kupezeka Mendeleev ndi mndandanda wa zomwe anali kudzadza chaka chilichonse, sanali sayansi okha, koma kwenikweni - mu 1893, Dmitri Ivanovich anatsegula Main Komiti ya miyeso ndi Russia. Iye anatulukira kapangidwe ndi detent yake rocker.

pyrocollodion

Mu 1890, wotchedwa Dmitry Mendeleyev anapitiriza ulendo wautali kunja, cholinga chimene anali timudziwe bwino Laboratories lina kwa chitukuko cha mabomba. Wasayansi ananyamula nkhaniyi ndi Kutengera ya boma. The Admiralty iye anafunsidwa kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha Russian malonda onga. The Mlengi wa ulendo Mendeleev anali wachiwiri kwa asilikali Nikolai Chikhachev.

Mendeleev ankakhulupirira kuti porohodelii zoweta ambiri ankafunika kukhala mbali zachuma ndi malonda. Iye anaumirira pa ntchito kupanga zipangizo yekha Russian yaiwisi. Zotsatira zake zikuluzikulu za ntchito ya Dmitri Mendeleev m'dera limeneli anali chitukuko cha iwo mu 1892, pyrocollodion latsopano, mtsutso kwa opanda utsi wake. Akatswiri asilikali kutamanda khalidwe la mabomba a. The peculiarity pyrocollodion anali kapangidwe kake, womwenso uli solubility sachedwa wa nitrocellulose. Kukonzekera ulimi wa ufa watsopano, Mendeleev ankafuna kupereka flatulence okhazikika. Kuti tichite zimenezi, mu kupanga mabomba reagents zina, kuphatikizapo onse zina ankagwiritsa ntchito.

chuma

Koyamba, atulukira Mendeleev mu zamoyo kapena metrology si kugwirizana ndi chifaniziro chake wa sayansi wotchuka. Komabe, ngakhale kutali kwambiri kuchokera wasayansi sayansi kafukufuku anathera chuma. Iwo wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich amaona mwatsatanetsatane malangizo chitukuko cha chuma dziko. Back mu 1867, iye anayamba woyamba kucheza zoweta amalonda - Society kwa patsogolo Russian Makampani ndi Trade.

Mendeleev anaona tsogolo la chuma mu chitukuko cha cooperatives palokha ndipo madera. Kupita patsogolo kwatanthauza kusintha yeniyeni. Mwachitsanzo, asayansi amati kuti ammudzi si ulimi chabe, koma wotanganidwa ntchito fakitale nthawi yozizira, pamene minda ndi yopanda pake. Wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich anatsutsa resales ndi mitundu yonse ya anthu chabe. Mu 1891, iye anali nawo chitukuko cha latsopano Customs tariff.

Protectionism ndi ntundu

Mendeleyev, amene kufufuza mu munda wa umagwirira kuposa zimene anachita mu zaumunthu, onse maphunziro awo azachuma imachitika ndi cholinga kwathunthu othandiza kuthandiza Russia. Pa nkhani imeneyi, wasayansi anali protectionist zogwirizana (kuti Mwachitsanzo, umaonekera m'ntchito zake makampani ndi porohodeliya makalata ake kuti Tsar Nicholas II).

Mendeleev anaphunzira zachuma ndi inextricably ndi chiwerengero. Asanamwalire anali mumzinda wina wa ntchito zake ananena kuti 2050, anthu Russia a anthu 800 miliyoni. The Mapa wasayansi unakhala enaake pambuyo ziwiri zapadziko lonse ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni, kupondereza ndi mavuto ena amene wakumenya m'dzikolo XX atumwi.

yotsutsa mizimu

Mu theka lachiwiri la XIX m'ma Russia, monga onse a dziko, kusesa mafashoni kwa zongoganiza. Esoteric amakonda oimira anthu mkulu, bohemia ndi anthu wamba m'tawuni. Pakali pano, anapeza Mendeleev mu zimapangidwira, mndandanda wa chomwe ya mfundo kuposa nkhondo yaitali ndi zamizimu ndiye otchuka.

njira Scientific poyera olankhula pamodzi ndi anzake ku Russian thupi Society. Kupyola mu mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano ndi manometer ndi piramidi matebulo, komanso zida zina hypnotists Mendeleyev anatsimikizira kuti zamizimu ndi ofanana makhalidwe - yekha matsenga omwe phindu pa speculators ndi akuba.