David Livingstone: yonena, kuyenda ndiponso kutulukira. Amene anatsegula David Livingstone ku Africa?

Mmodzi wa anzake wotchuka kwambiri, chopereka amene pa mndandanda wa kafukufuku Hrs sitingalephere kukambapo - David Livingstone. Ndinatsegula ndi wokonda? mbiri yakeyinso ndi zina zomwe ndi mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhani ino.

Childhood ndi unyamata

Tsogolo anatulukira kwambiri anabadwa March 19, 1813 m'mudzi wa Blantyre pafupi Glasgow (Scotland). banja lake anali osauka, atate wake zogulitsidwa tiyi msewu, ndi mnyamata zaka 10 kupita ku ntchito pa mphero nsalu a m'deralo. Pa malipiro ake choyamba, David Livingstone, amene mbiri limafotokoza nkhani, anagula Latin galamala buku. Ngakhale kuti anayesetsa kuchokera 6 m'mawa mpaka 8 pm, anapeza nthawi Namkungwi. Ndiyeno mnyamatayo ndipo onse anayamba kupita kusukulu usiku, kumene anaphunzitsidwa osati Latin komanso Greek, masamu ndi zamulungu. Mnyamatayo anali kwambiri amakonda kuwerenga, akuyimba makamaka chakale pachiyambi, si zopeka ndi kufotokozera kuyenda.

Kodi cholinga cha moyo

Pa zaka 19, David Livingstone analimbikitsa. Izi zinafuna ponso malipilo, imene anagwiritsa kuphunzira pa yunivesite zachipatala. Patatha zaka 2, analandira digiri wake. Panthawi imeneyi Mpingo English anali propaganda yogwira kukopa odzipereka kwa amishonale. Lodzala ndi mfundo imeneyi, David kwambiri kuti ankaphunzira za umulungu, ndi mu 1838 ndinadzozedwa wansembe, ndipo ntchito m'bungwe Society Waumishonale mu London. Pa nthawi yomweyo, wansembe wamng'ono ndipo adokotala anakumana ndi mmishonale Robert Moffat, ntchito Africa, ndipo analimbikitsa Livingston kuyang'ana wakuda Africa.

Kuyambira za njira yaikulu ya moyo

Kumapeto kwa 1840 wapaulendo 27 wazaka tidapita m'sitima kwa Africa. Pa njira, iye sanali tiziwononga nthawi, lophunzira nzeru za panyanja ndi kuphunzira kudziwa ndondomeko ya mfundo za Earth.

Man anafika Cape Town (South Africa Coast) March 14, 1841. Ataganiza bwinobwino kukonzekera anachitira mu moyo wake, David Livingstone moyo Aaborijini ndi kuphunzira chinenero ndi miyambo yawo. M'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, iye analankhula bwino ndi mbuli, kuti ndi wofunika kwambiri m'tsogolo kukhazikitsa kulankhula ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana apitirira kumtunda.

Davide sanakwera mungokhala chete. Iye pang'onopang'ono koma kunapita patsogolo, yothetsa kwa nthawi mu fuko lotsatira, kudziwana ndi miyambo yatsopano, kupanga zolemba blog. Pofika chilimwe cha 1842 Livingston anagonjetsa mbali yofunika kwambiri Kalahari chipululu. Padakali sanafanane kuti ngakhale European umodzi.

M'munsi mwa ntchito zawo. Kulimbana ndi mkango

Mu 1843, Livingstone anayambitsa ntchito mu Mobotse, nalalikira Uthenga Wabwino wa anthu kumeneko ndipo pang'onopang'ono kusuntha kumpoto. Aaborijini a umishonale ndi ulemu, chifundo, ndi kuwona mbali chabe ya izo. Iye mwachangu kumbuyo iwo ku matenda a Chipwitikizi ndi zina atsamunda akuda wapita ku ukapolo, chifatso kupirira mavuto onse a moyo wovuta ku savannah African.

Mu 1944, David Livingstone, Africa umene wakhala kunyumba weniweni, anapulumuka ulendo zoopsa. Kusaka ndi a fuko, iye anali anaukira ndi mkango waukulu ndi mozizwitsa anapulumuka. Chirombo anathyola nkono wake kumanzere m'malo angapo, kuchititsa mmishonale moyo anakhalabe wolumala. Iye anali kuphunzira kagwiridwe mfuti pa phewa lake lamanzere ndi cholinga kumanzere diso. Pokumbukira chochitika choopsa pa phewa lake limafotokoza mano 11 za mikango. Chikalatacho anayamba kuitana bambo woyera Leo Wamkulu.

Ukwati. posamutsa ntchito

Mu 1845, David Livingstone anakwatira Mary - wamkazi abwana a ulendo wake, Robert Moffett. Mkazi kuyenda ndi mwamuna wake mu yokopa anthu, resignedly nawo mavuto onse a Maulendo, amene anam'berekera ana anayi.

Ndi nthawi ya ukwati, mnyamata kucheza momasuka ndi mbadwa anasangalala chidaliro chawo, choncho anaganiza kusuntha cholinga chake kumtunda Kolobeng Mtsinje. Iwo, pamodzi ndi mkazi wake anakakhala bakvenov mafuko. Livingston ali pafupi kwambiri ubwenzi ndi mtsogoleri Sechele, mwadzidzidzi ankatsatira chiphunzitso wachikhristu. Iye anavomera kuti abatizidwe, amasiya miyambo yachikunja ndipo anabwerera makolo a akazi awo, kusiya mmodzi yekha. Zinali ndi kupambana, ndipo nthawi yomweyo vuto lalikulu la wapaulendo European. fuko sanakhutire ndi kusintha ngati zachilendo, zachisoni chinachitikira ndi chilala, ali anakankha amishonale onse ndi mkazi wake kusiya ntchito ndi kusuntha ngakhale zambiri pa Kalahari chipululu, amene mbadwa limatchedwa dziko la ludzu lalikulu.

Kupezeka kwa Nyanja Ngami

Kuwonjezera mmishonale ngakhale onse, musaiwale za ntchito kafukufuku wa David Livingstone. Inayambira ake m'kati Maulendo yaitali, akusuntha pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kum'mwera mpaka kumpoto lonse la Afrika.

June 1, 1849 wolimba wapaulendo ndi mkazi wake, ana ndi anzake angapo anachoka ku Kalahari kwa Zambezi River, malo oyerekeza kumene mu Ages Middle unali wotchuka pa mapu a South Africa. Livingstone anafunitsitsa amasonyeza malo enieni a mtsinje, kufufuza bedi ake, kupeza gwero ndi pakamwa.

Long njira kutenga bola 30 masiku, anali yotopetsa ndi kulemedwa kwambiri, makamaka kwa Mariya ndi ana. Pamene apaulendo pa mtsinje, chisangalalo chawo ankadziwa Palibe malire. Kumeneko anakumana ndi mafuko bakalahari ndi anthu otchedwa ma Bushmen, amene anatenga alendowo kudzadza katundu wawo ndipo anapereka kuperekezedwa. apaulendo anapitiriza ulendo wawo mtsinje, ndi August 1, 1949 anapita ku Nyanja Ngami m'mbuyomu Sizikudziwika kuti European iliyonse.

Pakuti zinthu zimenezi, David Livingstone anali kupereka ya Zikho Gold wa Royal Geographical Society ndipo analandira lalikulu ndalama mphoto.

Pambuyo Zopatsa mamembala ulendo anabwerera ku ntchito pa Kolobeng bwinobwino.

Dilolo Nyanja ndi Victoria Falls

Mu 1852, Livingstone anatumiza mkazi ndi ana ake ku Scotland, ndipo adagwidwa ndi changu chatsopano mu mtima a mu Black pansi pa Mwambi: ". Ndidzatsegula Africa kapena kuwonongeka"

Paulendo umenewu, 1853-1854 gg. Zambezi mtsinje chigwa, makhwawa wake wakhala ankafufuza. Chochitika chachikulu cha ulendo unali anapeza Dilolo nyanza ya 1854, limene amishonale analandira wina n'kulandira mendulo ya golidi pa Society Geographical.

David Livingstone kupita m'tsogolo ulendo kumafuna kupeza njira omasuka a kum'mawa kwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1855 asilikali ochepa kachiwiri anasamukira pansi Zambezi River. Patapita milungu ingapo, pa November 17, pamaso pa apaulendo anaonekera chithunzi zidzasintha: mathithi zokongola mamita 120 mkulu ndi mamita 1800 lonse. Aaborijini icho "Mosi wa Tunya" omwe anamasuliridwa amatanthauza "mabingu madzi". Izi odzitukumula zachilengedwe Davide, dzina lake Victoria polemekeza Mfumukazi ya England. Masiku ano, mathithi ndi chipilala kuti wolimba Scottish wofufuza la Africa.

Zokolola ya Indian Ocean. homecoming

Kupitiriza Kuphunzira Zambezi, mmishonale anafotokoza dzanja lake kumpoto ndipo anayenda naye pakamwa pa mtsinje, kufika ku nyanja ya Indian gombe. May 20, 1856 kusintha chachikulu a mu Africa ku Atlantic ku nyanja ya Indian yatha.

Kale December 9, 1856 mu UK kumbuyo okhulupirika phunziro la Mfumukazi, David Livingstone. Iwo anatsegula mu Africa, izi wapaulendo mosatopa ndiponso amishonale? Zopatsa ake onse ndi kupezedwa Hrs , iye analemba buku 1857. Chaulemu kwa wofalitsa kupereka zabwino mkazi wake ndi ana. David amapatsa ndi mphoto ndi maudindo, iye anapatsidwa omvera ndi Korolevoy Viktoriey, ndipo lectured pa Cambridge, anatembenukira kwa achinyamata akumeneko ndi kuitana ku umishonare ndi nkhondo yomenyana ndi malonda a akapolo.

Ulendo wachiwiri kwa Africa

Pa March 1, 1858 pa July 23, 1864 David Livingstone anakhala ulendo wachiwiri kwa Africa, omwe onse pamodzi naye anapita mkazi wake, m'bale, ndi mwana pakati.

Pa maulendowa, ndi Livingstone anapitiriza kuphunzira za Zambezi ndi makhwawa wake. September 16, 1859, anatsegula Nyanja nyasa, anati ndondomeko ya Shire ndi Ruvuma mitsinje. Paulendo umenewu, sitolo yaikulu ya sayansi anasonkhana m'minda monga zomera, zinyama, zachilengedwe, nthaka, ethnography.

Ulendo kupatula adzasangalala anthu atulukira latsopano mavuto Livingstone 2: April 27, 1862 malungo anafa mkazi wake, pang'ono kenako, Davide analandira uthenga wa imfa ya mwana wamkulu.

Atabwerera kunyumba ya amishonale mgwirizano ndi m'bale wake m'chilimwe cha 1864 kulemba bukhu lina za Africa.

Chachitatu ulendo wa M'dziko Black

Pa January 28, 1866 pa May 1, 1873 Wofufuzayo wotchuka anapanga ulendo wake wachitatu ndipo komaliza kwa Africa lapansi. Poring pa steppes cha Africa Central, zinafika m'dera la Great Lakes, ndi kufufuza Tanganyika, Lualaba Mtsinje, kufunafuna gwero la Nile. M'njiramo iye awiri basi ncthito kutsegula: November 8, 1867 - Nyanja Mweru, ndi July 18, 1868 - Nyanja Bangweulu.

mavuto kuyenda wotopa thanzi Davida Livingstona, mwadzidzidzi anayamba kudwala matendawa malungo. Izi amakakamizidwa kuti abwerere kwa msasa ku mudzi wa Ujiji. Pakuti kutopa ndi adzazunzidwa wofufuzayo November 10, 1871 mwadzidzidzi anabwera mu umunthu wa Genri Stena, ndi zokuzira kufunafuna Mkhristu nyuzipepala mmishonale "New York, Harold." Stan anabweretsa mankhwala ndi chakudya, choncho David Livingstone, kanthawi yonena amene akambidwa m'nkhani, anapita peza lapansi. Posakhalitsa anayambanso maphunziro ake, koma, mwatsoka, osati kwa nthawi yaitali.

May 1, 1873, anafa mmishonale wachikhristu, womenya ndi malonda a akapolo, wotchuka wofufuza la South Africa, ndi anatulukira ambiri chirengedwe mbali David Livingstone. mtima wake unali mu bokosi malata pansi mbadwa ufa ulemu m'manda ku Chitambo Mvula pansi pa mtengo waukulu. Zamzitini thupi abwelele kunyumba, ndipo April 18, 1874 m'manda ku Westminster Abbey.