Erythrocyte: dongosolo, mawonekedwe ndi ntchito. Kapangidwe ka anthu maselo ofiira

Erythrocytes otchedwa hemocyte, amatha magazi chifukwa zonyamula mpweya kwa mafuta zimakhala ndi mpweya - m'mapapo. Iyi ndi dongosolo losavuta khungu, kukhala kufunika kwakukulu kwa moyo wa nyama ndi nyama zina. A Selo lofiira la magazi ndi wambiri mtundu khungu la thupi: kota maselo zonse za thupi - ndi maselo ofiira a magazi.

regularities General aliko erythrocyte

A Selo lofiira la magazi - selo zinachitika ku wofiira nyongolosi hematopoiesis. Tsiku maselo amenewa za 2.4 miliyoni, iwo kulowa m'magazi ndi kuyamba kugwira ntchito zawo. Pa zatsopano, amaonekera kuti munthu wamkulu maselo magazi ofiira, amene kapangidwe ali kwambiri wosalira poyerekeza ndi maselo ena mu thupi, moyo masiku 100-120.

inakhala onse (kupatulapo kawirikawiri) kuchokera mpweya m'mapapo kuti zimakhala imachitidwa ndi erythrocyte hemoglobin. Pali kuchotserapo: onse a banja la "oyera-blooded" nsomba popanda hemoglobin, ngakhale kuti akhoza lithe izo. Popeza kutentha kwa chilengedwe mpweya awo amasungunula bwino madzi ndi madzi a m'magazi, ndiye unyinji wochuluka onyamula amene ali erythrocytes, nsomba safunikira.

maselo ofiira a chordates

Chonchi khungu, monga maselo ofiira a magazi, dongosolo osiyanasiyana malingana ndi gulu la chordates. Mwachitsanzo, nsomba, mbalame, ndi achule ngati kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe a maselo amenewa. Iwo amasiyana kukula kokha. Fomu maselo ofiira, buku, kukula ndiponso kusapezeka kwa organelles ena amasiyana maselo ena zolengedwa zoyamwitsa, amene ali pa chordates ena. Palinso ali chitsanzo chake: maselo ofiira nyama mulibe organelles zosafunika ndi phata selo. Iwo ali ang'onoang'ono kwambiri, koma lalikulu kukhudzana pamwamba.

Poganizira kapangidwe ka chule ndi erythrocytes anthu, mbali wamba tingaone yomweyo. maselo onse ali hemoglobin ndi zimakhudzidwa zoyendera oxygen. Koma maselo a anthu ali ang'onoang'ono, iwo ali chowulungika ndipo ali pamalo awiri concave. erythrocytes chule (komanso mbalame, nsomba ndi achule, salamanders kupatula) ozungulira, ali ndi phata ndipo organelles selo, sipangakhalenso adamulowetsa ngati n'koyenera.

Mu anthu maselo ofiira, ngati maselo ofiira nyama apamwamba, palibe mtima ndi organelles. Kukula mbuzi erythrocytes - 3-4 microns, anthu - 6,2-8,2 m. Pa amfiumy (caudate amphibian) selo kukula 70 microns. Mwachionekere, kukula ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Anthu Selo lofiira la magazi, ngakhale ang'onoang'ono, koma ali ndi lalikulu padziko dera chifukwa awiri concave.

Kukula ka maselo ndi nambala yawo yaikulu analola kuwonjezeka kwambiri mu luso la magazi kuti amange mpweya, umene tsopano sikukutanthauza zinthu kunja. Ndipo izi zinkachitika structural wa anthu maselo ofiira ndi zofunika chifukwa cholola inu womasuka mu malo ena. Ndi muyeso wa anatengera moyo pa dziko, omwe anayamba kukhala ngakhale achule ndi nsomba (mwatsoka, si onse nsomba mu ndondomeko ya kusanduka anatha kutenga dzikolo), ndipo nditafika pachimake pa chitukuko nyama apamwamba.

Kapangidwe ka anthu maselo ofiira

Kapangidwe ka maselo magazi zimadalira ntchito wawapatsa. Ukulongosoledwa poyamba zitatu:

1. Features ya kapangidwe kunja.
2. Chigawo zikuchokera erythrocyte.
3. The kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe mkati.

Kunja, mu mbiri, izo zikuwoneka ngati erythrocyte biconcave litayamba ndipo kutsogolo - ngati khola chonse. Awiri yachibadwa 6,2-8,2 micron.

Nthawi zambiri azipereka maselo seramu kusiyana pang'ono kukula. Pamene akusowa chitsulo, athamangadi kuchepetsedwa ndi magazi kuipitsa mbiri anazindikira anisocytosis (maselo ambiri ndi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi m'mimba mwake). Pamene folate akusowa kapena vitamini _B12 ndi kuchuluka kwa megaloblasts erythrocyte. kukula kwake ndi za 10-12 microns. Voliyumu ya selo yachibadwa (normocytes) 76-110 kiyubiki mamita. um.

Kapangidwe ka maselo a magazi magazi - si mbali chabe ya maselo amenewa. Chofunika kwambiri kuposa chiwerengero chawo. Miyeso ang'ono amalola kuonjezera chiwerengero chawo, choncho, kukhudzana padziko dera. ntchito mpweya akagwidwa ndi anthu maselo ofiira, osati chule lapansi. Ndipo mosavuta kuperekedwa zimakhala za erythrocytes anthu.

chiwerengero n'zofunika kwambiri. Makamaka, munthu wamkulu mu millimeter kiyubiki lili ndi maselo miliyoni 4.5-5.5. Mu mbuzi pafupifupi 13 miliyoni maselo ofiira pa milliliter, ndi zokwawa - miliyoni 0.5-1.6 yekha nsomba miliyoni 0,09-0,13 pa milliliter. A mwana wakhanda maselo ofiira magazi kuzungulira 6 miliyoni pa milliliter, pamene achikulire - zosakwana 4 miliyoni pa milliliter.

Ntchito erythrocytes

maselo ofiira - maselo ofiira, kuchuluka, kapangidwe, ntchito ndi mbali ya zomwe zafotokozedwa mu m'buku lino, n'kofunika kwambiri kwa anthu. Iwo amadziwa ena ntchito zofunika kwambiri:

• zoyendera mpweya zimakhala;
• anasamutsa mpweya woipa kuchokera zimakhala m'mapapo;
• anamanga poizoni (glycated hemoglobin);
• nawo mayankho m'thupi (ndi otetezeka ku HIV chifukwa mitundu yogwira mpweya angathe zimawononga bwanji pa matenda a magazi);
• amatha kulekerera mankhwala ena;
• nawo kukhazikitsa hemostasis.

Pitirizani kuganizira zimenezo selo ndi Selo lofiira la magazi, matabwa ake ndi wokometsedwa ngati kuli kotheka kugwiritsa ntchito pamwamba. Iye ali kwambiri opepuka ndi mafoni, ali lalikulu kukhudzana pamwamba pa mpweya mayamwidwe ndi zochita mankhwala ndi hemoglobin, ndipo mwamsanga wogawanika, nudzaza mu zotumphukira kutaika kwa magazi. Izi ndi apadera kwambiri selo m'malo ntchito ya omwe si koma n'zotheka.

erythrocyte Kakhungu

Chonchi khungu, monga maselo ofiira a magazi, kapangidwe ndi yosavuta, zilibe ntchito kwa Kakhungu ake. Iye ndi 3-zimadutsa. Misa kachigawo nembanemba ndi 10% ya chipindacho. Amakhala ndi 90% mapuloteni ndi% 10 okha lipids lapansi. Izi zimapangitsa maselo ofiira a magazi ndi maselo wapadera mu thupi, monga pafupifupi ena onse lipids Kakhungu akanagonjetsa mapuloteni.

Olimba Fomu erythrocytes chifukwa fluidity ya Kakhungu cytoplasmic siyana. Kunja nembanemba ndi wosanjikiza mapulotini pamwamba ndi ambiri zatsalira zimam'patsa. Izi glycopeptides umene uli ndi zamadzimadzi bilayer, malekezero hydrophobic akukumana mkati ndi kunja kwa erythrocyte lapansi. Pansi Kakhungu, ndi mumtima wosanjikiza pamwamba kachiwiri mapuloteni akusowa zatsalira zimam'patsa.

Erythrocyte cholandilira maofesi

Ntchito Kakhungu ndi kuonetsetsa deformability ya maselo ofiira a magazi, amene ali zofunika ndimeyi capillary. Pankhaniyi, kapangidwe ka anthu maselo ofiira amapereka mphamvu zina - zimachitika selo ndi electrolytic panopa. Mapuloteni ndi zatsalira zimam'patsa - ndi lilime molekyulu ndi zomwe maselo ofiira sali mu "ankasakidwa" CD8-leukocytes ndi macrophages wa chitetezo cha m'thupi.

maselo ofiira kudzera zolandilira kulibe ndi sizidzawonongedwa mwa machitidwe awo m'thupi. Ndipo pamene chifukwa cha Kankhani angapo kudzera capillaries kapena chifukwa kuwononga makina erythrocytes kutaya ena zolandilira, macrophages ndulu "lachokera" m'magazi awo ndi kuwononga.

Kapangidwe mkati mwa erythrocyte ndi

Kodi Selo lofiira la magazi? matabwa ake si zochepa chidwi kuposa ntchito. Izi selo ngati thumba ndi hemoglobin, Kakhungu-njanjira, limene zolandilira akuti: m'bulu zosiyanasiyana ndipo zosiyanasiyana magulu magazi (Landsteiner, uchembere wabwino, Duffy ndi pa zina). Koma mkati mwa selo ndi wapadera ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi maselo ena mu thupi.

Kusiyanaku motere: maselo a magazi akazi ndi amuna mulibe pachimake, iwo alibe ribosomes ndi endoplasmic reticulum. organelles onsewa anachotsa mutayankha ndi cytoplasm selo hemoglobin. Ndiye organelles anapeza kuti zosafunika, chifukwa akukankha kudzera capillaries zofunika selo ndi miyeso osachepera. Chifukwa uli kokha mkati hemoglobin ndi mapuloteni angapo othandiza. ntchito yawo ndi mpemphero. Koma chifukwa cha kusowa endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes ndi mtima inasanduka kuwala ndi yaying'ono, ndipo ambiri Chofunika, zikhoza olumala ndi Kakhungu madzimadzi. Ndipo awa ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya kapangidwe ka maselo ofiira a magazi.

Erythrocyte lifecycle

Zinthu zofunika ndi maselo ofiira mu miyoyo yawo yochepa. Iwo sangakhoze kugawanitsa ndi lithe mapuloteni chifukwa kuchotsa maselo phata ndi chifukwa kuwonongeka structural maselo awo kudziunjikira. Chifukwa, maselo ofiira khalidwe la ukalamba. Komabe, hemoglobin amene anagwidwa ndi macrophages a ndulu pa erythrocyte imfa nthawizonse adzakhala anatumiza mapangidwe onyamula latsopano oxygen.

Kayendedwe ka moyo wa maselo ofiira magazi kumayambira m'mafupa. chiwindi alipo m'nkhaniyo mbale: mu sternum, mu mapiko a ilium fupa la chigaza m'munsi ndi M'mimbamo wa femur lapansi. Pali aumbike kuloŵedwa kachidindo wa maselo a mwazi tsinde myelopoietic mchikakamizo cha cytokines (CFU-GEMM). Izo ndiye kugawa hematopoietic kupereka kholo, anatchulidwa ndi malamulo (BFU-E). Kwa izo anapanga kuloŵedwa m'malo a erythropoiesis, amene atalonjeza Code (CFU-E).

Maselo omwewa akutchedwa njuchi-n'kupanga maselo ofiira nyongolosi magazi. Ndi tcheru erythropoietin - mankhwala m'thupi chikhalidwe, excreted ndi impsozo. Kuwonjezeka kuchuluka kwa erythropoietin (pa mfundo za maganizo abwino mu kachitidwe zinchito) Iyamba magawano ndi kupanga erythrocytes.

mapangidwe maselo ofiira

The ndondomeko ya kusinthika kwa mafupa selo CFU-E kuti: izo anapangidwa kuchokera erythroblast, ndipo Kuchokera m'menemo - pronormotsit kuti pakhale basophilic normoblast. Monga mapuloteni kudzikundikira kumakhaladi normoblasts polychromatic, normoblasts kenako oxyphilic. Pambuyo kuchotsa phata la kumakhaladi reticulocytes. Last akulowa m'magazi ndipo kusiyanitsidwa (okhwima) kuti munthu wabwinobwino maselo ofiira a magazi.

chiwonongeko maselo a magazi

Pafupifupi masiku 100-125 ya foni kufalitsidwa magazi, nthawi zonse amanyamula mpweya ndi kuchotsa katundu wa kagayidwe wa zimakhala ndi. Iwo Amakweza wopita ku hemoglobin wa carbon dioxide ndi akutumiza izo kumbuyo kwa mapapo, imodzi kudzaza mamolekyulu awo mapuloteni wa oxygen. Ndipo mpaka kuvulazidwa ndi kutaya molekyulu phosphatidylserine cholandilira mamolekyulu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, erythrocyte imagwera "pansi kuchuluka" wa macrophage ndi kuwaononga. heme A anachokera ku hemoglobin onse m'mimba kachiwiri anawalozera kwa kaphatikizidwe wa erythrocytes latsopano.