Mu mbiri ya Russia kwambiri milandu, pamene mlendo kuyendera wachulukitsa ulemerero wake ndi kukhala kunyada dziko. Ndipo Feofan Grek, mbadwa ya Byzantium, ndi Greek ndi kubadwa (choncho dzina) anakhala mmodzi wa amisiri kwambiri Russian mafano.
Chisankho mokomera Russia
Ambiri mwina, ngati Theophane adaganiza kuti ukasintha kusintha miyoyo yawo, m'malo Atafika ku Italy mu Russia mu Maapatimenti ndi (amayenera) Metropolitan Cyprian, iye kusochera mwa ojambula zithunzi zambiri Byzantine. Koma Muscovy, iye anakhala munthu woyamba wa Way kwambiri cha amisiri. Ngakhale kuzindikira ambiri, masiku a kubadwa ndi imfa ya wojambula lotchedwa za - 1340-1410 zaka.
kusowa mfundo
Amadziwika kuti Feofan Grek, amene yonena machimo mawanga woyera, anabadwa mu Byzantium, ntchito zonse mu Constantinople ndi midzi yake - Chalcedon. Pamene ukupezeka Feodosia (ndiye Kafa) frescoes Tingaone kuti pamene wojambula ankagwira ntchito njuchi Genoese - Galata ndi Cafe. Palibe ntchito yake Byzantine ali sanapulumuke, ndi kutchuka dziko anadza kwa Iye zikomo ntchito anachita mu Russia.
malo atsopano
Apa iye anali moyo ndi ntchito mwayi woti kuwoloka ndi anthu ambiri pa nthawi - Andrei Rublev, Sergio wa Radonezh, Dmitriem Donskim, Epiphanius Ngwanzeru zakuya (amene kalata Archimandrite Kirill ndi limene limafotokoza deta mbiri lalikulu chizindikiro zojambulajambula) ndi akumatauni Alexis. Ndi gulu la moyo wodzimana, ndi aphunzitsi anachitira zambiri ulemerero wa Russia.
The limafotokoza za Theophanes Achigiriki
Feofan Grek anafika ku Novgorod mu 1370, amene amadziwa okhwima mwamuna ndi kukhazikika wojambula. Iyeyu wakhala apa kwa zaka zoposa 30, mpaka imfa yake. Mwachangu za izo ndi zodabwitsa. Malinga ndi umboni wa Epiphanius chomwecho Wanzeru zakuya, Feofan Grek utoto mipingo yonse 40. Letter Archimandrite Tver Mpulumutsi St obisika linalembedwa mu 1415, pambuyo pa imfa ya mbuye, ndi anapulumuka osati script, ndi mndandanda wa theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVII. Pali ena m'masiku amatsimikizira mfundo ndi zina. Mmodzi wa iwo ananena kuti 1378 pa behest wa boyar Vasily Danilovich "Grechanina" anali zojambulidwa ndi Theophanes ndi Chiwalitsiro Church, ili mbali malonda a Veliky Novgorod.
Chiyambi cha nthawi Novgorod
Feofana Greka frescoes pa makoma a obisika anayamba choyamba ake otchulidwa zikalata za ntchito mu Russia. Iwo sanapulumutsidwe otalikirana, kukhala bwino kwambiri, ife anapulumuka, ndipo ali pakati pa katswiri wamkulu wa luso akale. Boma wapamtima utoto mzikiti ndi makoma chimene munali kwayala Utatu Chapel. Mu fanizo la "Utatu" ndi Macarius la Egypt kwambiri kuoneka bwino chosiyana brushwork, amene anali wanzeru Feofan Grek. The mzikiti anasunga kugwira chithunzi Pantocrator (Pantokratoras), zomwe ndi zochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Komanso, pang'ono anasunga chithunzi Dame. A ng'oma (gawo Kuthandiza mzikiti) - Image Eliya ndi Ioana Predtechi. Ndipo izi wofunika kwambiri frescoes awa, monga, mwatsoka, analengedwa pa zaka zambiri za ntchito sichinayambe zalembedwa, ndipo anatsutsana ndi ofufuza ena. Nthawi zambiri, zonse za frescoes wa agulupa ndithudi anachita zinthu zatsopano - mosavuta ndi yotakata, free zikwapu mitundu ndinawasunga, ngakhale woumira, chidwi chachikulu linaperekedwa kwa anthu oyera. Monga mwa unsembe wa kulemba Feofana Greka anamva nzeru zake makamaka.
luso Russia ndi kutsitsimutsa
Koma panali chigonjetso chachikulu Dmitriya Donskogo, ndi Golden gulu anawazunza anapitiriza moto mzinda Russian anawononga akachisi. Koma Russia amphamvu kuti iye nakhalanso anamanganso ndipo anakhala wokongola kwambiri. Mu zojambula wobwezeretsedwa mchitidwe umenewu nawo ndi Feofan Grek, amene kuyambira 1380 wagwira ntchito mu Nizhny Novgorod, mu yopsereza kwathunthu mu 1378 likulu Suzdolsko-Nizhekorodskogo ukulu. Mwina, iye akanakhoza kutenga mbali mu penti Mpulumutsi Cathedral ndi Annunciation obisika. Ndipo mu 1392, chithunzicho ntchito mu Mfundo Cathedral mu Kolomna pa pempho la Grand Duchess Eudoxia, mkazi wa Prince wotchedwa Dmitry. Kenako Cathedral anamangidwanso nthawi zambiri, ndi frescoes anali sipezeka.
Ukusuntha ndi Moscow
Feofan Grek, amene yonena ali, mwatsoka, nthawi kugwirizana ndi mawu akuti "ankati", pambuyo Kolomna anasamukira ku Moscow. Apa, ndipo izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi Utatu Chronicle, ndi osadziwika kalata, iye akusonyeza makoma okongoletsedwa ndi akachisi atatu. Pa nthawi imeneyo, anali ndi sukulu ake, ana ndi otsatira, ndipo ndi nawo yogwira Moscow yotchuka chizindikiro zojambulajambula Simon Black mu 1395 Theophanes akupereka mpanda wa Mpingo wa Kubadwa kwa Yesu mwa Namwali Mariya ndi yopemphereramo wa St. Lazaro boma la Russia. Ntchito yonse imene dongosolo la yemweyo Grand Duchess Eudoxia. Kachiwiri, tiyenera kuvomereza kuti mpingo sanapulumuke, alipo tsopano Grand Kremlin Palace amaima pamalo ake.
Bad mwayi asavulaze mfiti
Amavomereza kuti namatetule wa Ages Middle, chizindikiro zojambulajambula Feofan Grek ndi ophunzira ake chimayambira mu 1399 ku ulemerero wa tchalitchi, kwathunthu anatentha Khan wa Golden gulu ndi Tyumen ukulu - Tokhtamysh. Kuyambira kalata Epiphanius Ndikudziwa kuti mbuye utoto pa makoma a kachisi Moscow Kremlin, ndi matchalitchi ake onse. Koma mu theka lachiwiri la XVI m'ma Italy wamanga Aloisio Chatsopano parses kachisi ndipo amanga kudziletsa lotchedwa zilipo latsopano.
Feofana Greka luso kwakukulukulu umaimiridwa ndi frescoes, monga ndiye mpaka mapeto a masiku ake utoto makoma a mpingo. Mu 1405 ntchito yake intersects ndi Andreya Rubleva ntchito ndi mphunzitsi wake - "Mkulu wochokera Gorodets", kotero kuitana Moscow chizindikiro zojambulajambula Prokhor ku Gorodets. The atatu ojambula zithunzi wotchuka nthawi yake pamodzi analenga tchalitchi mpingo wa Basil Ine, kuti Annunciation Cathedral.
frescoes anali sanasunge - mpingo bwalo anali, kumene anamanganso.
umboni chopanda malire
Zotsalira? Kodi chikumbukiro yekha kumanzere kwa mbadwa ya Theophanes kwambiri? Zizindikiro. Malinga ndi limodzi la mabaibulo alipo zilipo iconostasis wa ku Annunciation Cathedral wa Moscow Kremlin linalembedwa kwa Mfundo Cathedral mu Kolomna. Ndipo pambuyo moto mu 1547 anagwidwa boma la Russia. Mu tchalitchi yomweyo anali "Dona Wathu wa Don" chizindikiro ndi mbiri yake. Monga mmodzi mwa anthu "achifundo" zosintha (dzina lina - "Joy wa zisangalalo zonse"), ndi lodziwika bwino chithunzi cha thandizo zodabwitsa mu chigonjetso apambana mwa gulu lankhondo la Grand Duke wotchedwa Dmitry a magulu a anthu Golden gulu mu 1380. Pambuyo Nkhondo ya Kulikov , ndi kalonga, ndipo chizindikirochi Kuteteza ali ndi manambala oyambirira "Don" ndi "Don". Chithunzi kwambiri za njira ziwiri - kumbali n'zosiyana pali "Mfundo za Virgin." Akusowa mwaluso akusungidwa Tretyakov Gallery. Ife ikuchitika mayesero ambiri, ndi amene anganyoze kuti wolemba ndithudi Feofan Grek. Zizindikiro "zinayi manambala" ndi "Ioann Predtecha - Mngelo wa Chipululu ndi Zochitika ku Moyo Wake" za msonkhano wa zojambulajambula koma analembadi lake lenileni ndi kutsutsana. Ntchito za ambuye a sukulu yake monga chizindikiro m'malo chachikulu, wolembedwa mu 1403 - "Transformation".
The paucity deta mbiri
Inde, alipo ochepa kwambiri ntchito kolembedwa mabwana kwambiri. Koma Epiphanius Wanzeru zakuya, amene anadziwa iye, mabwenzi naye, woyamikiridwa talente, amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira luntha, m'lifupi mwa chidziwitso amene sakhulupirira umboni wake sangakhale. Spas Feofana Greka ndi amaitchulatchula monga chitsanzo cha mmene Greek sukulu ntchito ndi amphamvu unsembe Byzantine wa kupenta. Zojambula pakhoma izi, monga taonera kale, ali wofuna koposa zonse anapeza mu 1910 populumuka makombo a zojambula mpanda wa Novgorod Cathedral. Ndi mmodzi wa zipilala otchuka a zomangamanga lalikulu la akale Russia. chifanizo china cha Mpulumutsi, amene amanena kuti ntchito za mbuye, ndi mu boma la Russia pa Annunciation iconostasis.
Mmodzi wa lalikulu "Utatu"
Pakati pa frescoes a tchalitchi ndi mwaluso wina tanthauzo lonse, wolemba amene Feofan Grek. "Utatu" anali bwino anapulumutsidwa ndi ili mu zomera ndi. Kusiyana chiwembu "Bwino wa Abrahamu" ndilo maziko a ntchito imeneyi, ngakhale maonekedwe ake mu Zojambula pakhoma la sipezeka, "Utatu" akuyenera kuphunzira akadali zosachitika mwatsatanetsatane. M'kalata yake yopita Epiphanius amasangalala matalente angati Feofana Greka - mphatso ya owerenga, ndi talente anzeru mnzake, kalankhulidwe m'modzi mwa kulemba. Malinga ndi umboni wa munthu uyu, Greek, mwa zina, iye anali ndi luso miniaturist lapansi. Ndipo akufotokozedwa ngati chizindikiro zojambulajambula, mwini frescoes yaikulu ndi kakang'ono. "Zinali mwadala buku chizindikiro-zojambulajambula" - izo zikumveka zitamandozi oyambirira. Wolemba wa tizithunzi ku Masalmo wachokera Ivanu Groznomu, ndi kusungidwa mu Utatu-Sergio Lavra, ndiye ndi Feofanu Greku. Iye, ndi kopanda, ndi miniaturist "Uthenga Wabwino wa Fyodor Amphaka." Chachisanu mwana Andrei atsala pang'ono, kholo mwachindunji kwa Romanovs, anali woyang'anira wa Feofana Greka. bukuli chokongoletsedwa. Kugunda kuwaza ake skilful ndi Maina wagolidi.
Feofana Greka adzadziwire
Pamaso Theophanes amisiri ambiri, ndipo m'nthawi yake, mu kupanga ntchito zake maziko makamaka tracings ndi (wochepa ndondomeko anapanga kale ndi original). A brushwork ufulu Greek anadabwa ndi chidwi ambiri - "Iye ankangoona kuti dzanja olembedwa siginecha" - imakhumbira Epiphany, ndipo anawatcha "mwamuna chododometsa." Iye ndithudi anali nayo kutchulidwa luso payekha. Sindikudziwa tsiku lenileni la imfa ya namatetule, mu malo ena limanena kuti iye anafa 1405. Mu 1415, mlembi wotchuka a m'kalata watchula Greek zinachitika kale. Kotero, anali wamoyo ayi. Ndipo m'manda Theophane, kachiwiri mwina penapake mu Moscow. Zonsezi ndi wachisoni kwambiri, ndipo anati yekha kuti Russia wakhala anakumana nthawi zambiri nkhawa, imene mdani anawononga kukumbukira a anthu amene anali ulemerero wake.