Galasi amene anapanga? Mbiri ya kalirole. Imene dziko anatulukira galasi?

Kalirole zambiri zopangidwa kuchokera galasi amene ali ❖ kuyanika chimawala. Iwo ntchito kunyumba kokha komanso kuntchito, ndipo yofunika zikuluzikulu za zida sayansi, monga telesikopu, zida mafakitale, makamera kanema ndi lasers. Anthu koyamba chinyezimiro chake mu puddles madzi, zinkapezeka m'madzi, pamwamba pa mtsinje, omwe anakhala galasi choyamba - choncho anayamba mbiri yawo yaitali.

Galasi History of the World Ancient

Oyambirira kalirole yokumba anali opukutidwa kunyezimira wakuda chiphala mwala - obsidian - omwe amaliona monga bwalo. Zitsanzo zina za kalirole ngati apezeka Turkey. m'badwo wawo amatchedwa kuti 6000 BC.

Imene dziko anatulukira galasi? Oyambirira amasonyeza opangidwa mu mawonekedwe a zidutswa za obsidian opukutidwa anapezeka ku Anatolia - ano Turkey. Ancient Aiguputo ntchito yopanga mkuwa wonyezimira galasi mbali kumbuyo chokongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsera ndi. Anthu akale a Mesopotamia monga anachitira opukutidwa kalirole zitsulo ndi pamalo powonetsela mwala wopukutidwa anaonekera ku Central ndi South America kwa pafupifupi zaka zikwi ziwiri BC. e. Mu ndondomeko ya zikamera wa nkhani mwachizolowezi lero panafika lonse la chitukuko.

anatulukira Kodi kalilole? Imene dziko? Akukhulupirira kuti ulimi wa galasi zitsulo-amatidwa, poyamba anaonekera mu Lebanon Sidoni m'zaka AD choyamba. The kalirole galasi woyamba zinalembedwa mu AD Roma - lotengeka galasi ndi magawo patsogolo. Galasi amasonyeza anali koyamba mu zaka za zana lachitatu AD.

Kutulukira galasi kuwomba njira mu XIV atumwi, zinachititsa kuti anapeza kalirole otukukira kunja, zomwe zina kuchuluka kutchuka kwawo.

Stone Galasi Central America

chowonjezera ichi monga mmodzi wa zinthu zakale zofunika kwambiri achipembedzo mu chikhalidwe chodziwika cha America Central. Imene dziko anatulukira galasi? M'zaka ndi zaka za chikhalidwe cha ku Central America ndi Mesoamerica anapeza miyambo yeniyeni ndi miyambo achipembedzo ulemu kuonetsa pamalo. Imodzi mwa zikhulupiriro ambiri, akuchita mu Maya, Aztec ndi Tarascan - zidzachitikadi kuti kalirole ndi makonde kulankhula ndi milungu ndi magulu otherworldly.

Ndi mwambo wakale zikhulupiriro oyambirira akadali amaona pamwamba aliyense yosalala ya madzi chida champhamvu kwa kuwombeza. Kalirole, anayamba m'masiku amenewo mu Mesoamerica, koyamba ku chidutswa umodzi wa zitsulo, chimene chakhala wopukutidwa ndi digiri yapamwamba ya reflectivity. Kenako, panali zinthu zina ndi mankhwala zazikulu ndi zovuta zambiri. Mmodzi wa otchuka kwambiri powerenga zitsanzo Mesoamerican chikhalidwe - galasi kalirole zithunzi zimene zinali ntchito lonse mu mzinda wotchuka wa Teotihuacan.

China: kalirole zamkuwa

anatulukira Kodi kalilole? Imene dziko? Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli bwino kovuta. Mbiri ya kalirole kuphimba zaka 8000 chitukuko chamakono, koma mmodzi wa oimira lofunika kwambiri la chowonjezera odziwika kwambiri masiku ano Chinese mkuwa amasonyeza, maonekedwe yoyamba a 2900 BC. e.

Imene dziko anatulukira galasi? Mu China amasonyeza zopangidwa kasakaniza wazitsulo zachitsulo, zosakaniza malata ndi mkuwa, wotchedwa zitsulo galasi amene mwangwiro opukutidwa ndipo ali kwambiri kuwalitsa pamwamba ndi mkuwa wonyezimira. Amasonyeza zopangidwa kasakaniza wazitsulo zitsulo kapena zitsulo zamtengo wapatali ankatengedwa zinthu zamtengo wapatali kwambiri akale anali chilipo kwa anthu olemera kwambiri.

Koma Aigupto msanga anasamuka mkuwa zipangizo zina - ndi opukutidwa obsidian, ntchito 4000 BC. e., opukutidwa selenite, mkuwa, kasakaniza wazitsulo zosiyanasiyana. China anayamba kupanga kalirole, pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala enaake mapaziwo apangidwa ngakhale mu 500 AD, koma pa nthawi yomweyo ukulimbiralimbirabe luso la zida zamkuwa. Anakhala ku ntchito mpaka XVII-XIX atumwi, pamene ofufuza Western anabweretsa galasi masiku ano dziko.

Galasi mwanaalirenji Venice

Mu nthawi zakale galasi galasi kwathunthu atapita. Masiku amenewo, zikhulupiriro ananena kuti mdierekezi amayang'ana pa dziko lonse kuchokera mbali ina ya padziko kuwalitsa. Madona wosauka ntchito zitsulo wopukutidwa pamalo kapena m'malo mwa mbale wapadera kwa madzi. Galasi galasi kumbuyo kokha m'zaka XIII. Basi ndiye panali Chotsimikizika kupanga sayansi ya mankhwala mu Netherlands. Ndiye - mu Flanders ndi German Nuremberg, kumene chomera choyamba kwa kupanga kalirole otero bungwe mu 1373.

anatulukira Kodi kalilole? Imene dziko? Nthawi yomweyo ndipo sindinena. Kugwiritsa zilipo luso mbuye glaziers anathira otentha malata mu kusamba galasi, ndipo pamenepo malata kwa kuziziritsa, anagawana nyema osiyana. John Peckham, membala wa Francis kuti, anafotokoza mu 1279, njira imeneyi, koma galasi anapanga munthu - nkhani nkomwe kumbukirani. ambuye Venetian anatulukira "njira ya lathyathyathya galasi" zaka zitatu kenaka. Iwo anapeza njira angagwirizanitse malata kwa lathyathyathya pamwamba pa galasi. Mu 1407 Venetian Abale Danzan del Gallo, anagula setifiketi ku ambuye Flemish, ndi Venice unachitikira chambiri yopanga chapamwamba kalirole Venetian ndi theka ya atumwi. Komanso, mbuye kale analenga wapadera kuwalitsa osakaniza imene golide ndi mkuwa adaonjezeredwa. Chifukwa cha izo, zonse zinthu zimaonekera pa galasi anayang'ana okongola koposa kwenikweni. Mtengo wa galasi Venetian Kenako poyerekeza ndi mtengo wa warship lalikulu. Pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano mu Europe amasonyeza anangopeka wokutira galasi ndi malata ndi Mercury mapaziwo apangidwa. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi Venice anakhala osindikizira a kalirole amenewa. Chomera kupanga dzina lake Saint-Gobain analengedwa mu France.

About kalirole ndi zongoganiza ku Russia

Mu Russia kalirole ankatengedwa wamakani Kutulukira. Mu 1666, Mpingo wa Orthodox laletsa ntchito zawo ansembe. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ndipo panali kwambiri cha zikhulupiriro ndi kalirole. Masiku ano, zomwe tikuona kupusa zambiri, koma anthu anatenga izi mokhudzika. Wosweka galasi, mwachitsanzo, anali chizindikiro cha masoka kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. N'chifukwa chake wasweka kapena ukali woyamba anapepesa chifukwa manyazi, ndiyeno anali kukaika ndalama molingana ndi miyambo yonse. Ofanana mascots ntchito kusonyeza imfa. Iyo inali wamba mchitidwe kuphimba pamalo onse chimawala pamene munthu mu nyumba anamwalira. Iye akhapidziwa kuti sadzalola moyo wa munthu wakufayo otsekeredwa mu imodzi mwa kalilore, mdierekezi.

Woyamba kuwalitsa chipangizo ku Germany

Mu mzinda wa Nuremberg (Germany) mu 1373 n'zofanana fakitale woyamba linatsegulidwa. Chalk awa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama muzochitika zones za moyo. galasi A m'zaka XVI kukhala mbali ya kwachinsinsi miyambo lachinsinsi ndi ufiti.

Amene anatulukira galasi? Dziko Germany? mu 1835 godu Yusto Von Liebig, ndi German sayansi amene anayambitsa amasonyeza siliva galasi, mmene ndi woonda zitsulo wosanjikiza anakaika pa galasi ntchito kuchepetsa mankhwala a nitrate siliva. Kutulukira Izi zinathandiza kupanga imeneyo pamlingo wokulirapo, ndi nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya anthu wamba akanakhoza kugula galasi. Imene dziko anatulukira galasi? Wikipedia limatiuza yekha za mfundo za mbiri. Tikhonza chilichonse.

ntchito Covert

Kwa zaka ziwiri, katundu reflex ntchito azondi ku Spain ndipo France kuti encode ndi decode mauthenga chinsinsi. chinsinsi dongosolo wolemba pulogalamu kupangidwa kwa zaka za m'ma 15, Leonardo da Vinci. Malemba akhala ndiyotengera mu "galasi chinyezimiro", kotero si pamwamba amenewa, zinali zosatheka kuwerenga uthenga. Kalirole anali mbali ya anapanga chinthu china chachikulu cha nthawi imeneyo - ndi periscope. Kuthekera inconspicuously kusunga diso pa mdani mwa dongosolo la zimavuta kuwalitsa mandala kumapulumutsa miyoyo mu nkhondo. Mu makumi atatu nkhondo kalirole ankagwiritsa ntchito khungu mdani pa mphamvu kumenyana wa dzuwa akusonyeza. Zinali zovuta kwambiri kuti atenge cholinga pamene maso achititsidwa khungu ndi zikwi amasonyeza ting'onoting'ono.

Kalirole adzipangira ulendo wautali kudutsa nkhaniyo. Today sikutheka kupeza nyumba popanda chinthu chosavuta kumva. Iwo yaitali kuyambira mbali ya ndandanda wa tsiku ndi tsiku, nthawi zambiri saganizira. Tiyenera kulemekeza mfundo za chitukuko mbiri galasi ndi kuona zosaneneka zokongoletsa phindu chinyezimiro chake.