Kodi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Bolsheviks. The zifukwa Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira

Kodi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Bolsheviks, tsiku limene chinachitikira pamodzi tsiku la Great October Socialist utasintha (November 7, 1917 kalembedwe amakono), anaonekera mu kasupe chaka chomwecho, chinthu chosatheka kwa anthu ambiri mu Russian Ufumu. chakuti nthambi imeneyi ya Labor Social-Democratic Party, lotsogoledwa ndi VI Lenin pafupifupi mpaka miyezi womalidza zisinthe si otchuka kwambiri ndi makalasi zofunika kwambiri mu bungwe la nthawi.

Mizu ya ndale ya Bolsheviks

Maziko maganizo a chipani unachokera mu 90s m'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma 19 m'malo woyambawo populists amene anapita kwa anthu, ndipo anaona mavuto a anthu wamba yomwe kuthetsa kusokonekera kwakukulu m'dziko, kuphatikizapo landlords. Mavuto awa ulimi inatenga zaka khumi kuposa wina mu gawo zinachititsa kuti pakhale mphamvu ya Bolsheviks. Mogwirizana ndi kulephera kwa malangizo populist ndi kutsegula a m'kalasi ntchito, atsogoleri wakale Populism (Plekhanov, Zasulich, Axelrod neri Al.) Kutenga pa zimene zinachitikira nkhondowo Western, ndikusinthidwa njira chosintha, familiarized ndi ntchito za Marx ndi Chichewa ndi anamasulira iwo mu Russian ndipo anayamba chiphunzitso resettlement moyo pamaziko a Russia ndi ziphunzitso Marxist. chipani anakhazikitsidwa mu chaka cha 1898, ndipo mu 1903, pa msonkhano wachiwiri wa gululi unagawika Bolsheviks ndi Mensheviks zifukwa maganizo.

Za chiwembu akulakalaka kwa zaka zopitirira khumi

Kodi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Bolsheviks kukonzekera gulu chandale kwa nthawi yaitali. Pa ulimi wa 1905-07. bungwe akupita ku London (Mensheviks - mu Geneva), komwe anaganiza kugalukira zida. Nthawi zambiri, Democrats Social kale pa nthawi imene ankafuna kuononga boma tsarist ndi kukonza zipolowe mu ankhondo (pa Black Sea zombo, mu Odessa) ndi kugumula chuma (otchedwa kutenga madipoziti kuchokera mabanki ndi samapereka misonkho). Iwo anakamba zida Russian ndi mabomba (gulu Krasin), mundilanda mabanki (Helsingfors Bank, 1906).

Iwo alephera kulowa akuluakulu boma

Bolsheviks anabwera pa "njira nduna" boma la Russia anapanga patsogolo ulimi analephera. Iwo boycotted chisankho mu State Duma wa loyamba, lachiwiri ndi analandira mipando ochepa kuposa Mensheviks (15 maudindo). Bolsheviks anadwala mwachidule mu thupi chenjezo la dziko, monga anthu a kagulu kamene anamangidwa ankafuna kuukira ndi thandizo la St. Petersburg asilikali. mamembala onse Duma ku Bolsheviks anamangidwa, ndi Duma wokha convocation kusungunuka.

Kodi analonjeza angathe Russian Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira? Mwachidule za angapezeke mu chigamulo cha London (chachisanu) chipani msonkhano, kumene mapulogalamu anatengedwa mu 1907, "pazipita" ndi "osachepera". Osachepera kwa Russia wapereka kwa bourgeois zisinthe ndi kufupikitsa tsiku ntchito maola 8, kupasula autocracy, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa chisankho demokalase komanso ufulu, kumayambiriro m'dera wodzilamulira kupereka ufulu wa mitundu wodzilamulira, chiyembekezo chakuti la ndalama, ndi kubwerera kwa dziko wamba mabala. The pazipita mu Russian unali kutenga malo ulimi proletarian ndi kusintha kwa sosholisimu ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kulamulira kwa misa proletarian.

Zimene zikuchitika ku Russia anapitiriza aakulu pambuyo 1907. chifukwa kuti kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Bolsheviks m'tsogolo kotheka, chinali kusintha mfumu ya nthawi imeneyo sanapereke zotsatira kwambiri, funso agrarian sichinayambe anatsimikiza, Dziko Lonse Yoyamba, atagonjetsedwa ku Tanennbergom zinachitikadi kale m'gawo la Russia ndi kutsogozedwa kuti hyperinflation, kusokonezeka kwa mizinda okwanira ndi chakudya, njala m'midzi.

Kuwonongeka kwa asilikali chinathandiza zisinthe

nkhondo anapha pafupifupi mamiliyoni 2 Asilikali ndiponso anthu wamba pafupifupi wani miliyoni., ndi yolimbikitsa inali ikuchitika (15 miliyoni. Anthu), amene kulemera waukulu wamba zikuchokera, amene ambiri, pamodzi ndi antchito chosintha, anabwera ndi gulu la asilikali ndi chifundo kwa boma Social malingaliro za kulowa wamba nzika kumtunda. The zinali kwambiri moti ambiri ngakhale analumbira osanenapo maphunziro kukonda dziko. Koma otsutsa boma tsarist anali kugwira ntchito kufalitsa malingaliro zimene zinachititsa kuti kulephera kwa Cossacks ndi asilikali kupondereza zitsanzo otchuka kumbuyo mu 1915 - 1916 zaka.

Mu ulamuliro Tsarist anachoka kumbali ochepa

Zifukwa kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Bolsheviks kapena mphamvu za ndale mu 1917 anapeza kuti boma tsarist mu zochitika, anali wofooka kwambiri chuma ndi ndale. Pa nthawi yomweyo mwachindunji Nicholas II anagwirizira udindo wopatulika (kapena nkhani zofunika zokwanira za boma lenileni la zochitika). Izi anapereka Mwachitsanzo, mwayi mu February 1917 kutseka fakitale Putilov ndi "kuponya" m'misewu ya St. Petersburg, anthu pafupifupi 36 zikwi, ena mwa iwo anali mchikakamizo cha malingaliro chosintha wa Bolsheviks ndipo anayamba kumenya anthu ogwira ntchito pa mafakitale ena. Mfumu pa nthawi sankakhoza ngakhale kudalira msilikali, monga ambiri a kapangidwe kake chisanadze nkhondo anaphedwa kutsogolo n'kuikapo asilikali asonkhanitsidwa a magulu osiyanasiyana. Against mfumu anali magulu ambiri andale a dziko, amene Komabe, nthawi yomweyo wotsutsana ndi mzake, monga gulu lililonse linali ndi mwini dongosolo boma chitukuko.

Pang'ono kuganiza kuti chigonjetso cha Bolsheviks

Monga wa April 1917 ambiri ankaganiza kuti Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira sizingatheke ngati zambiri za anthu, alimi makamaka, anathandiza Socialist-boma, industrialists anali chipani chawo, ndi anzeru - awo, pali zipani angapo amene amathandiza boma lachifumu. Lenin wa April mfundozo sanapeze yankho mwa Socialist-boma, Mensheviks ndi Bolsheviks ambiri monga mtsogoleri anadzipereka kuti mbali kumbuyo pa nkhondo ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere (mwina kwa izi Germany "sanadziwe", monga Lenin anafika ku Petrograd m'dziko zake losindikizidwa galimoto). Choncho, chifukwa kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Bolsheviks anali, makamaka, ndi achilendo ndondomeko. Komanso, nkhani yolembedwa akufuna nchito yanyumba ya Provisional boma ndi kulanda mphamvu kwa Russia, limodzi ndi nationalization m'dziko, osati kuti akalandire madera wamba kuti sanali kuwonjezera ku kutchuka mbali Lenin a.

kuyesa zinalephereka

Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira (1917) Pambuyo ankafuna kutsogolera dziko pamaso November. Mu June chaka chomwecho, pa Congress Choyamba ogwira ntchito ndi asilikali ziwanga (Onse-Russian), zinadziwika kuti Bolsheviks kufunika mu awo anali mu malo wachitatu mu chilengedwe zokomera. Pa Congress, nthumwi anakana pempholo Lenin kuti kuthetsa nkhondo ndi chiyembekezo chakuti a maulamuliro alipo. Komabe, tizikumbukira kuti nthawi mchikakamizo cha Bolsheviks kale anali regiments wa asilikali, kuphatikizapo kumakhala mu Petrograd The woyamba makina mfuti Regiment (11, 3000 asilikali) ndi Kronstadt amalinyero a m'munsi panyanja. Mphamvu ya chipani cha Lenin mu malo ankhondo kwachititsa chakuti pofuna kutenga Tauride Palace (likulu la Provisional Government) unayambitsidwa mu July 1917. Masiku ano, nyumba yachifumu anabwera ogwira ntchito za fakitale Putilov, asilikali, oyendetsa, koma gulu la "amanyansidwa" anali moyipa kuti lingaliro la Bolsheviks analephera. Izi anali ntchito ndi mbali ina kuti Provisional boma, Nduna ya Za Chilungamo Pereverzev nayo nthawi kukonzekera ndipo muiike mpaka nyuzipepala mudzi, kumene Lenin ndi anzake akhala kuperekedwa monga azondi German.

Kusintha kwa boma ndi adani mwachindunji

Kodi ndondomeko zina limodzi ndi kuwuka kwa mphamvu ya Bolsheviks? Chaka kuchita Wamkulu October kuukira boma anali wolemera mu zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Ndi autumn zimaonekeratu kuti boma wogwirizira sangathe kulimbana ndi chisokonezo, kotero mapangidwe thupi latsopano - ndi Pre-yamalamulo, imene Bolsheviks anali 1 yekha \ 10 mipandoyo. Pa nthawi yomweyo chipani Lenin a Umapeza ambiri mu Soviet Union a m'mizinda ikuluikulu, kuphatikizapo mpaka 90% mu Petrograd ndi pafupifupi 80% mu Moscow. Iwo imayendetsedwa ndi makomiti asilikali a amadzibisa kumadzulo ndi kumpoto ndi pakati wamba adakali osati wotchuka - pakati pa Soviet Union kumidzi la Bolshevik ziwanga kulibe.

Kodi anali pomwepo Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira? zochitika mwachidule anayamba motere:

1. Mu October, Lenin mobisa anafika ku Petrograd, komwe anayamba kukhala kugalukira latsopano, sizigwirizana izo, Kamenev ndi Trotsky. The chachiwiri ndi mwayi kudikira chigamulo cha Congress Wachiwiri Soviet Union (Onse-Russian), inakonzedwa 20, natisunthitsa pa October 25 (zaka kalembedwe).
2. October 18, 1917 (malinga ndi nkhani. Kalendala) mu midzi ya asilikali a Petrograd regiments anali pa msonkhano, komwe anaganiza kuchita zipolowe zida ndi boma ngati Anayambitsa Petrograd Soviet (kumene Bolsheviks anali 90% ya mavoti onse). patapita masiku asanu ndi Bolsheviks kunapangitsa asilikali achitetezo. Kumbali ya Provisional boma anali cadets wa maphunziro asilikali ndi masukulu a ensigns, kampani zimakhudza akazi, ndi Cossacks.
3. Pa 24 October ndi Bolsheviks anagwira mphamvu wanthambo, uthenga bungwe limene akatenge Kronshtadt Zombo Zankhondo. Iwo sanapereke cadets wa milatho ndi kupasuka.
4. Usiku wa pa 24 kuti anakwanitsa analanda ofesi chapakati, a Bank State, siteshoni Warsaw October 25 Bolsheviks, zimitsani chapakati mphamvu kotunga maofesi a boma, kubweretsa cruiser "Aurora" mu Neva. Ndi usana, ndi "misa chosintha" analanda Mariinsky Palace. Asilikali ake pa Zima Palace anapangidwa usiku, pambuyo chisanadze yowotcha wa mfuti ya cruiser "Aurora". Pa maola 2, Mphindi 10 pa October 26 Provisional boma anagonja.

Kukwera zinafuna kuchuluka kwa anthu amene anakhudzidwa

Zotsatira za kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Bolsheviks inkawononga Russia, chifukwa cha chigonjetso kwa iye anapita Mphamvu mu Petrograd (pafupi mwa uthunthu wake, ndi kupatulapo City Duma wa Petrograd), boma latsopano la Bolsheviks, kutsogozedwa ndi Lenin (Bungwe la Commissars Anthu). Koma ambiri a iwo kulamulira dziko, zomwe zinachititsa kuti nkhondo yapachiweniweni, kugwa zina za cuma, zimene zinachititsa Inter zina zotere, anjala ndi akuvutika ambiri.