Kodi malo mafumu? Lingaliro, makhalidwe ndi zitsanzo

Pofotokoza dongosolo la ndale ndipo mabungwe a mphamvu European mu Ages Middle, zimakhala anakumana ndi lingaliro la "ufumu chuma." Izi mawonekedwe a boma anali ndi khalidwe la France, Russia, Germany ndi zina zotero. D. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zimene "malo ufumu," tione mbali yake ndi kukhazikitsa zitsanzo akale a mayiko.

tanthawuzo

Ufumu - ndi boma limene mphamvu Lalikulu mu manja a munthu, ndipo anatengera. Pachikhalidwe, izo lagawidwa mitundu ingapo: mtheradi, ang'onoang'ono, patrimonial woimirira Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira, m'gulu la Yehova. Nanga munda mafumu? Ndi boma, lomwe anawagawira mu mphamvu Western European mu Ages Middle. Iwo amakhala ndi nawo oimira magulu osiyanasiyana (kapena ofanana) mu lolamulira dziko. Matupi kugwira ntchito malamulo ndi chenjezo.

mbali

1. Mphamvu yochepa ya mfumu.
2. Kudulidwa kwa anthu boma mu zigawo.
3. Centralization oyang'anira.
4. Kodi anthu yogwira ndale ku magulu osiyanasiyana.
5. Kupatukana a ntchito za kasamalidwe boma pakati pa mfumu ndi thupi womuimira.

Pofuna kumvetsa bwino zimene munda ufumu muyenera kuganizira ntchito zake m'mayiko akale a zitsanzo.

Malo ufumu mu England

mawonekedwe kasamalidwe zachitika ku England m'zaka za m'ma XIII. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, dziko kale mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono minda. Pamwamba pa anthu inkakhala barons. A mbali yofunika kwambiri moyo chuma England anayamba kuimba otchuka. Komanso, maudindo awo kuti analimbikitsidwa olemekezeka ndi osankhika a m'tawuni. Pamene John Lackland ang'onoang'ono minda anayamba kumenyana ndi mphamvu wamkulu. Kale mu 60 ntchentche. m'ma XIII. unali nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Zotsatira zake za nkhondo imeneyi anali cholengedwa mu 1295 "chitsanzo," Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mpheroyi ambuye lalikulu chipembedzo ndi boma. M'nthawi ya ufumu malo-nthumwi, ntchito British nyumba yamalamulo ndi kudziwa kuchuluka kwa misonkho m'manja mwa anthu achikulire. Kenako thupi ili analandira ufulu kutenga nawo mbali popanga malamulo. M'zaka za m'ma XIV. pansi Edward III yamalamulo unagawidwa zipinda ziwiri: Ambuye ndi Commons. Woyamba inkakhala Ankhondo ndi opeza, wachiwiri - kuchokera Baron kapena cholowa anzake (m'nyengo kenako).

Malo ufumu mu France

choyamba malo-woimira thupi dziko unakhazikitsidwa mu nthawi ya Filipo IV. Kuyambira 1484, anali kudziŵika kuti ndi States General. Tikumbukenso kuti thupilo mu mgwirizano wabwino ndi ufumu ndi zoona anasonyeza zofuna zake. Monga mbali ya States-General zigawo zonse zitatu French (atsogoleri, anthu otchuka ndi "lachitatu") zinali. Mfumu, monga ulamuliro, ntchito kuthandiza States-General munyengo zosiyanasiyana. Iye anafunsa maganizo a zigawo za malamulo, ngakhale umwana awo si chofunika chilolezo kapena movomerezedwa thupi ili. General States komanso angagwire ntchito kwa woimira zopempha wapamwamba ulamuliro kapena zionetsero. Iwo amabwera kuchokera osiyana siyana makalasi kudzakhalire ndi kukambirana payokha. Izi si kukusalani mikangano pakati pa magulu chikhalidwe. Kungoyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana XIII. France anayamba kusonkhanitsa zigawo (wamba) limati. A udindo waukulu pakati pawo m'zaka XV. Yamalamulo ankaimba Paris.

Malo ufumu mu Russia

Mu Russia, mawonekedwe a boma kumeneko mu 1569, pamene Ivan Grozny msonkhano Cathedral choyamba. Tikumbukenso kuti lomenyera boma ziwalo nthumwi anali mbali yake. Mosiyana ndi mphamvu European mu Russian Zemsky Sobor osati asagwiritse mphamvu la mfumu. ulamuliro zinaphatikizapo Boyar Duma, kudzipereka a tchalitchi ndi oimira osankhidwa mwa anthuŵa ndi olemekezeka. Mabungwe a malo ufumu mu Russia msonkhano dongosolo wapadera wa mfumu. Zemsky Sobor ankatchedwa kuti mukambirane nkhani zofunika zokhudza dziko. Iwo kusankha pa malamulo ena ndi zachuma, komanso mutu osankhidwa a boma. Choncho, Boris Godunov, V. Shumsky ndi M. Romanov anakhala mfumu pa kuyitana kwa Zemsky Sobor.

Popeza 30s wa atumwi XVI. panali dongosolo malemba mu Russia. Ambiri mwachangu inakhalapo pa ulamuliro wa Ivan kwambiri. Malamulo komanso anali milandu ndi utsogoleri akuluakulu ndipo analenga mwa aliyense wagawo malo.

Malo ufumu mu Germany

Waukulu malo-woimira thupi la mphamvu Germany anali Reichstag. Mosiyana ndi mabungwe ofanana mu England ndi France, iyo sinali kwathunthu cha "tithe lachifumu", omwe sakanakhoza kukhala mneneri wa zofuna za anthu onse. Reichstag inkayenda m'zaka XIV. komanso Curia atatu: akalonga lachifumu, electors, mizinda lachifumu. Major ntchito pa moyo wa boma ankaimba choyamba. Curia mizinda lachifumu analibe voti pa nkhani iliyonse. ntchito zake zinali kuwamvera mfundo akalonga.

The Reichstag akambirane ndi mfumu kawiri pa chaka. Oimira curiae osiyana kupita ndi kusankha payokha. ntchito bwino akufotokozera Reichstag sanali. thupi ili, pamodzi ndi Mfumu ankafotokoza mfundo yachilendo, nkhondo, chuma kapena dera lawo mavuto. Komabe, kukopa kwake pa zochitika boma anali kochepa.

anapezazo

Kotero, kumvetsa zimene munda mafumu, m'pofunika kupenda kugwira ntchito zitsanzo za maiko osiyana. M'nkhani ya State matupi nthumwi apanga kwa XIII - zaka XV. Mu zikuchokera awo, monga ulamuliro, inkakhala oimira magulu onse. Komabe, pa chikhazikitso cha zochita aliyense anali liwu lalikulu la anthu otchuka ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo.