Kodi mankhwala akhoza kukhala: makalasi, makhalidwe, katundu. thupi katundu wa thunthu

Mwa sayansi yakuti umagwirira ndi dera nzeru za anthu, amene amafufuza kapangidwe ndi makhalidwe a mankhwala, komanso kusinthika onse awiri. Limodzi la mafunso chapakati zimapangidwira adzakhala motere: ndi makalasi a zinthu zimene? nthambi Special wa sayansi, monga umagwirira zochita kupanga ndi organic, makamaka poganizira kapangidwe ndi katundu wa mankhwala, komanso kuwaululira phindu othandiza.

Kodi ndi mankhwala kuti kugawa thupi ndi zipangizo, ndiwo zosiyanasiyana zipangizo - awa ndi mafunso ena lidzadzala ndi ife mu ntchito imeneyi.

Cholinga chenicheni cha umagwirira

Mu nthambi iliyonse nzeru za anthu ndi polojekiti - mfundo zikuluzikulu ndi mfundo, amene anagwirizira yeniyeni onse wochepa wa sayansi. Pakuti masamu - nambala kuti mapulogalamu - deta abstraction. Thunthu mankhwala ali ndi chapakati malo - mtundu wa nkhaniyi, amene mayunitsi structural maatomu, mamolekyulu kapena ayoni. Yonseyi osakaniza zosiyanasiyana, kupanga kuchuluka wosangalatsa wa mankhwala osiyanasiyana ndi mankhwala osiyana ndi thupi katundu wa thunthu.

Thupi ndi nkhani

Zochokera zoimira boma la loitanirana, n'zotheka kudziwa zimene chuma m'chilengedwe: olimba, madzi kapena gaseous. Kukonza mibulu latisi mayunitsi structural wa mankhwala anapanga thupi. Zinthu zomwe tinthu (ma atomu, mamolekyu kapena ayoni) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi munthu zofuna zathu zenizeni ndi zosowa, wotchedwa zithunzi. Mwachitsanzo, simenti galasi - ndi wosakhalitsa, ndipo nkhuni, mchenga, lubwe - zakuthupi achilengedwe.

ndi chinthu choyera Kodi

Mu umagwirira, kusiyanitsa pakati pa zinthu payekha ndi zosakaniza. Yotsirizira mu chikhalidwe ndi malamulo angapo zoopsa kwambiri: madzi nyanja, magazi, mkaka, miyala, mpweya umene timapuma - ndi osakaniza mankhwala angapo. Dziŵani zinthu oyera angakhale mu zonse umagwirira sukulu labu. Reagents ntchitoyi malinga ndi mlingo wa chiyero. Choncho, m'njira makamaka koyera kachigawo Unyinji wa zinyalala ndi zosakwana 0,0001%, koma mafakitale apamwamba luso monga microelectronics, Makina, makampani Azamlengalenga, digiri ngati wa chiyero osakwanira.

Mwachitsanzo, mu semiconductors 10 milliardov germanium maatomu amaloledwa palibe atomu oposa mmodzi wodetsedwa. Kudziwa ndicho chikhazikitso cha chiyero, ntchito njira zimenezi amakono a kuwunika mankhwala, monga kupezeka, solubilization ndi chithandizo colloid-mankhwala. Pambuyo asiye zosafunika wa mankhwala ake ndi thupi katundu wa nkhani ndi wapadera.

umagwirira Language

Kukhala sayansi yeniyeni, ntchito ganizo la kanthu, umagwirira amagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro za nyengo. Iwo amasonyeza Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe zikuchokera mamolekyulu. Choncho, mtima wa mankhwala organic ya mitunduyi ya muli zingapo zimene mungachite, monga pawiri wa chilinganizo ambiri, monga mankhwala ake katundu wa malonda kuyaka.

Mankhwala a yosavuta zovuta

Popitiriza kufufuza yankho la funso lakuti, kodi ndi chikhazikitso, tiyenera kukumbukira mmodzi wa classifications anayamba kuphunzira maphunziro zimapangidwira - magawano mu zinthu yosavuta zovuta. Woyamba mu kapangidwe kake muli maatomu a chimodzi chokha mchitidwe mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, mpweya - O _2, sulfure - S, calcium - linalake Ena, otchedwa mankhwala zambiri wapangidwa maatomu awiri (bayinare zinthu H ₂ O, CuS) kapena zinthu zina mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, Na ₂ NKHA _3, Ba (o) _2. Zambiri zinthu Zikatero, akhoza kugawidwa mu zitsulo ndi sanali zitsulo.

Kusiyana waukulu pakati pa iwo akuda nkhawa kwenikweni ndi makhalidwe monga thupi katundu. Zinthu "zitsulo" ndi mosavuta kuzindikira ndi khalidwe silvery Sheen, iwo ndi ochititsa kwambiri kutentha ndi magetsi, monga transmitters a mtundu woyamba. Non-zitsulo othetsa nzeru milandu dielectrics. Iwo ali ochititsa osauka kutentha ndi. Komabe, mugawo ili ndi zinthu umasinthasintha. Popeza pakati pa zitsulo ndi nonmetals kovuta kuti ajambule kusiyana. Mwachitsanzo, germanium, graphite, ankagwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga magetsi, zokhudzana sanali zitsulo.

Makalasi zinthu zovuta

Systematizing kudziwa mmene mankhwala ndi thupi katundu wa thunthu, asayansi anagawa zochita kupanga ndi mankhwala organic m'magulu. Oxides, zidulo, kuphatikizapo zapansi ndi kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane mu makalasi umagwirira 7 - 9 makalasi ndi makalasi a zinthu organic (chimasanduka, alcohols, aldehydes) tikuuzidwa mu pulogalamu ya 10 - 11 sukulu.

Kuphunzira makalasi mankhwala likukula M'maso anthu, amalimbikitsa mapangidwe Zochitika zenizeni dziko, chomwe ndi yaikulu zosiyanasiyana zinthu. Choncho, kuganizira oxides aja, timaphunzira ndi zimene zimachitika mu mankhwala kalasi katundu zawo zakuthupi kapena mankhwala, komanso kuti adziwane bwino ndi kufala kwa oxides mwachibadwa, komanso chimatanthauza ntchito zawo makampani ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Choncho, pakachitsulo okusayidi SiO ₂ ndi gawo la mchenga, dongo, lubwe, khwatsi, kupanga lithosphere a Dziko Lapansi.

Ndi zofunika zopangira chifukwa makampani zomangira, mu kupanga galasi, simenti, ziwiya zadothi. Iron oxides FeO, Fe ₂ O _3, Fe ₃ O ₄ ndi zofunika zigawo zosiyanasiyana za chitsulo miyala amapanga munda, mwachitsanzo, Krivoy Rog, Kurskoe, Kachkanarskoye. Mpweya chimagwiritsidwa kuperekedwa monga oxides mpweya, makamaka carbon dioxide, ndipo oxides asafe.

Salt - kalasi yaikulu mankhwala

Tafotokoza makhalidwe a okusayidi ndi - bayinare mankhwala ndi mpweya ndi zitsulo ndipo sanali zitsulo. Tsopano tikambirana mmodzi wa makalasi waukulu wa zinthu zochita kupanga - salt. katundu wawo thupi anafotokoza ndi kophimba amaayoni. Kwakukulu ndi kuthekera kuchita magetsi panopa onse mu njira ndi osungunula, ndi mkulu limatsogolera kutentha. Mwachitsanzo, wamba mchere ndi wofanana 801 ° C, ndi kashiamu silicate - 1544 ° C.

Salt nawo mankhwala zako ndi zitsulo, alkalis, zidulo, ndipo akhoza mu njira chiyani wina ndi mzake, kuchita zochita kuwombola. Umagwirira amafufuza zimene ndi chikhazikitso mankhwala ndi thupi ake katundu, komanso amachita chidwi kwambiri ndi ntchito zake mafakitale ulimi ndi mabanja. Mwachitsanzo, sodium mankhwala enaake, ntchito mwa ife kuti Pickle chakudya ndi zopangira yopangira Mipikisano matani acid amathiridwa, makeke, chlorine. salt potaziyamu, mwachitsanzo, enaake, nitrate ndipo sulphate ndi feteleza mchere kuti patsogolo ulimi. Kashiamu carbonate akuimira mu chikhalidwe, ambiri ntchito yomanga.

Katundu zinthu psychotropic

Natural kapena chongopeka apanga pawiri kulimbikitsa onse ziwalo za chapakati mantha dongosolo ndi gawo zotumphukira otchedwa mankhwala kapena neuroleptics. Kuika mtima pa katundu mthunzi ndi luso lawo chifukwa ubwenzi ndi munthu, nthawi zambiri mawu akuti "mankhwala". Kulongosola bwino zimakhudza zinthu psychotropic kwa wamanjenje dongosolo ambiri, ife kukumbukira kuti mankhwala ija mwina onse patsogolo mlingo kufala kwa malemeredwe kuti ubongo ndi msana, ndi ziletsa ntchito mantha dongosolo lonse.

Iwo stimulators enieni mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo: ululu, Makutu, zithunzi, chogwirika. Izi zingachititse munthu mkhalidwe wapadera wa manyazi, wotchedwa kusintha. Zodziwika bwino zachilengedwe ntchito chinthu ndi ntchito zotsatira lililonse limatisokoneza pa thupi la munthu. Zikupezeka nyemba khofi, tiyi, zipatso nutmeg.

Mokwanira kutchulidwa zotsatira poizoni ndi muyezo chikonga, asidi ibotenic ali Tingafinye wonunkha bowa. ululu ambiri mankhwala ntchito mankhwala, monga morphine, codeine wokwana, ephedrine, zichokera kwa zomera. Iwo ali amphamvu psychoactive mankhwala. Kwambiri kwambiri, wopita ku chiwonongeko chotheratu cha thupi theka-kupanga ndi kupanga antipsychotic mankhwala: amphetamine, heroin, LSD. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala psychotropic ndi mosamalitsa ankalamulira, ndipo ntchito limayenda kuyang'aniridwa kuvomerezedwa dokotala.

Chinthu ndi wapadera katundu

Kulemera onse a mankhwala akhoza dzina amene ndi ena, katundu wapadera. Mwachitsanzo, chitsulo kwambiri ductile m'chilengedwe akuti ndi golide kwambiri wokoma mankhwala - -L-α-aminomalonic asidi -aspargil. Iye ndi 40 000 nthawi lokoma kuposa shuga tebulo. Koma funso la chimene mankhwala ali fungo fetid, palibe yankho limodzi chiwerengero cha mankhwala mankhwala enaake-sulfure ndi ambiri chilinganizo RSH, wotchedwa mercaptans, zonyansa fungo. Iwo zigwire mu ndondomeko ya kuvunda kwa zinthu zakufa organic alipo ndowe za mbalame ndi nyama, ndipo ngakhale gawo la zopangitsa odoriferous wa nyama zina, monga Kanyimbi.

Monga mukuonera, dziko ndi zipangizo yaikulu ndi osangalatsa, umagwirira - sayansi kuti amatilola kuphunzira dongosolo lawo, katundu ndiponso kufunika moyo wa munthu.