Kodi mfundo kulemba oyambirira Ages Middle anali wotchuka kwambiri?

Buku amakedzana ndi mwapadera m'buku analengedwa pa Ages Middle. kusiyana si zamalankhulidwe katundu ndi nkhani. zipangizo makamaka osiyana limene kulemba ndi zipangizo ntchito zolembedwa. Chifukwa tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane wotani mfundo kulemba oyambirira Ages Middle anali wotchuka kwambiri, pa zimene zinalembedwa m'buku ndi kuti kunali koyenera.

Kusintha yakale kuti feudalism

Kapolo wakale anthu ndi nkhani za mbiri yakale, zikuoneka patsogolo pathu monga svobodnomyslyaschih, ikusintha anapanga. Ndipo chifukwa angapo olembedwa memo chibwenzi kuchokera pa nyengo iyi si zithunzi wakale ndi masamu, ndi mapepala mkulu amasankha ndi essays olembedwa mu zilankhulo akufa tsopano. Komabe, okha olemera anali ophunzitsidwa mu zaka za umbuli. Pakuti kulemba, iwo ntchito amtunduwu - kotero kunena, kukhwimitsa pepala, amene kuwapititsa ku Europe ku Egypt. Mkubwela kwa Zapakati , nkhaniyi kwa kulemba anataya zoyenerera, makamaka chifukwa asapita razladilis ndi East. Chifukwa kuyambira m'zaka za chachitatu, anthu kukachita zikopa.

Mbiri ya kubadwa kwa chimango watsopano kulemba

Pambuyo asapita razladilis ndi Igupto, ku Sicily anayamba amtunduwu wake. Koma izi mapepala ankadabwa akwaniritsa zofunikira za maudindo Italy. Zinali chikasu, Chimaona, porous ndi siyabwino kwambiri kulemba cholembera. Kenako azungu anatembenukira kwa Kutulukira, anthu a Asia Minor, amene anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma BC chachiwiri. e. Icho chinali rawhide zikopa untanned nyama imene kale olembedwa Ayuda a vumbulutso Old Testament. Kutulukira a mfumu ya ku Pergamo Eumenes Chachiwiri, kumene ndipo anatenga dzina lake.

Zikopa ntchito monga chuma ndi kulemba kumayambiriro akale Ambiri. Unafalikira ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo mayiko Masewerera a Nordic, ndipo wakhala maziko zosiyanasiyana Mfundo achipembedzo ndi mabuku a boma.

amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira zikopa

Iwo likukhalira kuti zikopa - zakuthupi Ambiri ntchito kulemba kumayambiriro Ages Middle. Pa mfundo imeneyi timapeza zikalata, madipuloma, diptychs, trifoliate kabuku ndi mayendedwe ndi ngakhale m'mabuku munthu ambuye ndi nthumwi zina za anthu mkulu. Pofuna kuti zolemba pa nthawiyo, zinali zokwanira pindani pepala la zikopa kamodzi kokha. Iye anali wofatsa, mosalekeza ndi mantha. Kulenga mndandanda watanthauzo kulembamo ankayimira mapepala a zikopa, amene akadandaule ngati mabuku ano. Mu zopereka zoterozo mabuku achipembedzo zinalembedwa, malamulo, makhazikitsidwe a boma ndi ena.

laibulale latsopano

The zinthu zatsopano, kulemba oyambirira Ages Middle wafunsira chitukuko cha dongosolo latsopano la zolembedwa ndi zojambula mabuku. Chitsanzo choyamba - ndi laibulale. Mu dziko wakale, ndi kwa ife mwa mawonekedwe a mipukutu yosiyanasiyana, amene anali pa maalumali. Mu kuya kwa gumbwa umenewu kupeza anali mabvuto kwambiri. Mu Middle Ages, tikuona maalumali amalimbikitsa mabuku, omwe ali chivundikiro. Zikomo tsamba ili chivundikiro, mukhoza kudziwa kudziwa zimene zili mkati. Chitsanzo chachiwiri - ndi mipando (oddly mokwanira). anamatetule wakale ntchito pa tebulo, ndi akale ang'onoang'ono ambuye ndi ansembe anayamba kulemba kwa nthawi yoyamba pa tebulo. Kutulukira, pamene buku zikopa, wakhala dalitso lenileni kwa anthu a. Onse ankadzinenera kuti ali omasuka kugwira, losavuta kuwerenga, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - kupeza mfundo zoyenera nthawi.

Kusunga zinsinsi tithe kuwerenga

Ndi zikopa - yekha mapepala kumayambiriro Ages Middle? Yankho la funso limeneli ndi mbali negative. chakuti zikopa za nyama anali ulemu kulemba kokha olemekezeka, pamene osauka sanathe kupeza zosangalatsa zimenezi. Chifukwa chakuti mwa iwo unakhala wotchuka tithe kuwerenga. Otchedwa mapepala amtunduwu imene achotsa malemba akale, ndiyeno yodzaza ndi atsopano. Inki anafukula ndi mipeni, pumice, kutenthedwa, ankawaviika - mwakulankhula kwina, njira akhala amazipanga kwambiri. Pambuyo njira izi, lemba wakhala linasiiratu. Pa amtunduwu anali kulembamo latsopano, phindu ambiri a iwo si wamkulu monga chiwonongeko cha precursors.

pepala kholo

Ndi 10 m'ma kalata kumayambiriro Ages Middle mlingo lotsatira. Mu zaka za emigration ku Ulaya Aluya anaonekera pepala, umene unali mtengo kwambiri kuposa zikopa ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Koma mtundu wa ulimi ndi mwapadera kuyambira pano. mapepala anali akamagwira akufinya wapadera atolankhani linseed nsanza, amene pambuyo zouma akanadulidwa. Pepala sizinali choncho osalimba ndi zamtengo wapatali monga gumbwawo, chifukwa anakhala ngati zikopa, wasenza m'buku, kupanga makalata ake, masatifiketi ndi kabuku kolembamo yosavuta.