Kodi ndi GPU (GPU): chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti ntchito. The Cheka ndi osiyana GPU ndi

February 6, 1922 ku Central Committee Executive wa CPSU (b) anatengera zochita pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa State Directorate Political. Kodi GPU? The Bolsheviks sankasangalala m'mbuyomo karayusche-kulamulira thupi - ndi Cheka? Tidzayensa m'nkhani ino.

ziŵalo za Cheka

Musanayambe funsolo, kodi GPU, m'pofunika kumvetsa chifukwa unatha kukwaniritsa Cheka (Onse-Russian Waukulu Commission) mu 1922, mamembala a chipanichi.

Cheka unakhazikitsidwa atangobadwa Bolshevik kulanda mphamvu. Chikominisi okha ndacha chochitika kusintha, ndi historiography Soviet icho chinali kutchedwa "The Great October Socialist utasintha." Tikumbukire kuti February 1917, ali kale wamkulu bourgeois zisinthe. mfumu linalephera, mphamvu ayenera kupita ku boma demokalase - Assembly Constituent. Komabe, pa October 25, Lenin ndi anzake anagwira kulanda zida za mphamvu.

Mwachibadwa, magulu chosintha silinachirikize zoterezi escapades wofuna. Kutsutsidwa ankatchedwa "kauntala", i.e., kumbali ya kauntala-kusintha zinthu. Kenako, mawu unayamba kugwira onse amene mwanjira ina sanagwirizane ndi zochita za Bolsheviks. Ndi kuthana ndi "kauntala" ndipo analengedwa ndi zonse Russian Waukulu Commission mu December 1917. Iwo ankapita ndi F. Dzerzhinsky, dzina la "Iron Felix" khalidwe amphamvu ndi mtima mwakhama.

Chifukwa Cheka unatha kukwaniritsa Bolsheviks?

Cheka - thupi Chilango, amene ntchito wakhala ukuperekedwa olimbikitsa kauntala-kusintha zinthu. "Contra" anauza nzika iliyonse amene mwanjira ina anasonyeza kusakhutira ndi boma pano. Kuti timvetsetse zimene GPU ndi mmene kumasiyana ku Cheka, lembani ulamuliro Chilango bungwe. apolisi kumunda anali ndi mphamvu zopanda malire. maudindo awo m'gulu:

• Kufufuza nthawi iliyonse masana kapena usiku wopanda kufotokoza iliyonse.
• Kumangidwa ndi mafunso a akuganiza aliyense, malinga ndi KGB, ndi nzika.
• Expropriation katundu ku "kulaks" ndi "kauntala" kwaulere mayesero. Imene zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kuba okwana.
• The m'ndende ndi kuphedwa popanda mlandu.

palibe amene angathetse mavuto a apolisi. Adadzikweza "wapadera" kulandira kanthu pa "zinthu za zisinthe", ndi "nkhondo pa kauntala". A yowotcha kumuwombera popanda mlandu pa "Red Mantha" nawo zikwi za nzika wamba. Chekists okha zina musati ngakhale aona mlandu. Kuphedwa kumeneku kunachitika pambuyo yokonza mndandanda ena. Nthawi zambiri amayambitsa chiwawa anatumikira monga mwa dzina lake, maonekedwe, utakhala ndi ena. The Bolsheviks anapambana nkhondo yapachiweniweni, kotero iwo ankaona miyeso kuonetsa amalungamitsidwa. Ndiye chinachake chinachitika kuti zasintha maganizo a Bolsheviks: nkhondo wamba ndi asilikali. Wotchuka wa iwo - ndi Tambov kugalukira. Against opandukawo ntchito zida za mankhwala akupha, ana ndi akazi zigaŵenga zankhondo anatumizidwa ku ndende ya, kukakamiza abambo ndi amuna kuti mudzipereke. Koma anadabwa woona chiwembu mu Kronstadt. Ndipotu Bolsheviks anachita monga mphamvu amene adadza nato kwa mphamvu. Pambuyo pake zinadziwika: kotero sindingakhoze kupitirira.

GPU: mawu olembedwa

GPU zikuimirira Main Political Directorate. Ziŵalo za Cheka zinachitika February 6, 1922. Pambuyo polenga wa USSR unakhazikitsidwa mu November 1923, a OGPU - United State Administration Political. Kapangidwe Integrated walowa ndi GPU wa NKVD wa RSFSR (a Main Political Directorate wa Commissariat National wa za M'dziko wa ku Russia Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), komanso gulu lonse wakale wa dziko Cheka ndi GPU mwa mayiko ena. Ndipotu cha ziwalo anthuwo Chilango zinalembedwa mu dongosolo logwirizana ndi bwino ulamuliro. Choncho, kodi GPU (dzina zonse), ife anatsindika. Tikungotchula kusintha zoweta anatsata chilengedwe cha bungwe ili.

Kuchepetsa umasinthasintha KGB

Kusintha ali kwambiri yafupika mwankhanza ozimitsa ndi "kauntala." Kuti okwana nkhanza zinatha. Kumene, ndodo GPU kumunda komanso overdid zinthu, koma ndi lamulo, limene chiganizo kuyembekezera. Ngakhale atsogoleri pamwamba pa KGB - Yagoda ndi Yezhov - akadaphedwa kwa mwankhanza ndi anaŵerama ambiri.

Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa Main Political Directorate si anatembenukira kwa Kara, ndi mabungwe yazamalamulo. yamtunduwu ake anali kumenyana ndi adani ndi azondi chitetezo malire, ulamuliro pa ntchito ya apolisi, ndi ena. Tsopano Komabe, kumangidwa onse ndiponso kunyongedwa yoikidwiratu makhoti misala KGB. Komanso, panali kuchepetsa kwambiri ogwira ntchito m'munda ndi ntchito yokha umalamulidwa ndi ogwira ntchito mu ofesi khoti linalamula.

Ndipotu, panali kuchepa kwa apolisi: pamaso analibe ulamuliro pa kusintha, iwo akhoza kukonza mwankhanza aliyense "mu zofuna za ulimi," ndipo thupi mwachindunji wamng'ono kwa SNK (Bungwe la Commissars Anthu). Cheka anali pamwamba pa NKVD. Pambuyo kukonza anali KGB "wapadera" wagawo ndi apolisi, monga GPU wakhala mmodzi wa mayunitsi NKVD. Office khoti linalamula analengedwa woyang'anira ntchito za bungwe latsopano.

Kupha

Choncho, kodi GP, tapeza kunja. Kunena pang'ono za ziŵalo zina.

Mu 1934, OGPU kwathunthu inathetsedwa monga gulu. Iwo ophatikizidwa kwathunthu ndi NKVD. Kuyambira 1934 mpaka 1936 anatsogolera gulu GG Berry, kuyambira 1936 mpaka 1938 - Ni Yezhov. Ndipo kuyambira 1938 - LP Beria. Onse a iwo anali kenako kuphedwa.

Mu 1941, NKVD unagawidwa mu NKVD ndi NKGB (Commissariat Anthu kwa State Security). NKGB anakhala m'malo mwa Cheka-GPU-OGPU.

Mu 1946, NKGB anali reorganized mu MGB (Ministry of State Security). Atabwera mphamvu, NS Khrushchev MGB kwasanduka KBG (National Security ofesi) mu 1954. Izo zinakhala mpaka kugwa lapansi. Today ntchito GPU kuchita 4 chabe m'madipatimenti: ndi GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate), ndi FSB (Federal Security Service), Komiti la Alonda National Investigative.

Komabe, "KGB" Amlowam'malo ankaona okha FSB.