Kodi pali nyama njira kuswana awathandize bwinobwino?

nthambi zosiyanasiyana za sayansi akuchita kuswana cultivars, Mitundu ya ziweto ndi tizilombo ta bakiteriya ntchito njira onse chikhalidwe ndi akutulukira ndi luso othandiza. Iwo makamaka zimadalira ntchito chinthu kusankha. M'mawu ena, kuchita zinthu zatsopano ndi zomera, wasayansi angagwiritse ntchito misa kusankha kapena njira Mlangizi, pomwe nyama kapena tizilombo maluso ameneŵa zosungidwazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito yochepa, ndipo nthawi zina ntchito konse.

Nkhani ndimeyi ndi kufotokozera momveka nkhani yoti mawonekedwe kuswana, monga njira achikulire, ndi theoretically zotheka ndi pafupifupi zotheka kulenga latsopano kapena kusintha Mitundu alipo ng'ombe, nkhumba ndi nkhuku.

kuswana makamaka nyama

Wotchuka mu asayansi ntchito ya Charles Darwin "Kusintha ziweto nakulitsa zomera mchikakamizo cha kuweta," zinalembedwa m'ma 19, ndi zofunika kuŵerenga Way lonse la asayansi amakono kuchita zinthu zothandiza. Dzina kuswana njira yaikulu: mwakusakaniza, heterosis ndi inbreeding zochokera kusankha yokumba.

Mu choti nyama ndi kukanidwa ntchito mawonekedwe chachikulu, ngati awiri a anthu kholo amapatsa pang'ono hybrids, wina ali ndi phindu zina mu ofanana zakuthupi. Tisaiwale kuti anthu a makalasi a mbalame ndi nyama, zomwe kwenikweni ndi zinthu waukulu kuswana, khalidwe chabe la kubereka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti njira yochokera mitundu vegetative (cuttings, ikuphukira, kumezetsanitsa), nyama ndi zosayenela. Kuthana ndi funso kaya ntchito nyama kuswana akuthandizani njira kuti kwanzeru poyamba muzipeza akamanena za njira imeneyi.

njira wophunzitsa

The kwambiri Russian wasayansi breeder I. V. Michurin, maphunziro wanzeru amene anali kwambiri kuti sayansi dziko, ntchito akulimbana vegetative rapprochement pakati pa zomera awiri a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu awiriwo anayamba kufunafuna watsopano nokha mbali ndi katundu. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha mawonekedwe, kukula kapena mtundu wa zipatso, komanso flavoring khalidwe lawo. Kudzera kumezetsanitsa mu korona wa mbewu chitsa, I. V. Michurin anatha amalola amene mapesi anayamba kulandira chakudya mbalame kholo.

Zonsezi ndi zotsatira ndi asinthe zochita kagayidwe kachakudya mu maselo zimakhala ndikamezetsanidwemo cuttings, motero tingachidziwe phenotypic. The njira pamwambapa anafotokoza za katemera wakhala wodziwika mu kuswana mbewu monga njira awathandize bwinobwino.

Zitsanzo za chilengedwe cha mitundu yatsopano ya zipatso

Munthu woyamba opangidwa I. Michurin mu 1908, ali zosiyanasiyana apulo-Kitaika Bellefleur. Monga Scion sapling breeder anatenga mitundu American Bellefleur chikasu ndi kukoma kwambiri. Mmera chitsa anatumikira Kitaika lalikulu-fruited - mitundu Local anamasulidwa ku dera la ku Russia. ubwino waukulu anali kukana ozizira ndi kukana kwa matenda akuluakulu apulo - nkhanambo ndi powdery cinoni. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira Mlangizi, ndi katswiri chifukwa cha mwakusakaniza anali zosiyanasiyana zatsopano, zabwino ndinazolowera zikhalidwe nkhanza nyengo mu M'madera a zitunda kumpoto, pamodzi ndi zipatso mkulu kukoma. Michurinist apulo mitundu ndi thupi moyera-wa zokoma kukoma ndi wofatsa wosakhwima lokhazika mtima pansi.

Mu chikhalidwe kuposa zaka akupitiriza kukhala wamkulu mwa mabanja payekha, osati Russia komanso Ukraine, Armenia, ndi North Caucasus mayiko. Wamaluwa kuzindikira zosiyanasiyana imeneyi komanso zokolola zonse mkulu ndi kukana kwa chisanu. Pa malo kuswana ndi nurseries wa mbande zipatso Bellefleur-thonje zinthu amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chitsa mu ndondomeko mwakusakaniza, choncho analengedwa 13 mitundu yatsopano.

Zolinga ndi zokhumba za maphunziro kulandira mbali zomera hybrid

Kuchokera pa mfundo zimenezi, zimaonekeratu zofunika kwambiri ntchito experimental I. V. Michurina, amene osati anayamba njira awathandize bwinobwino, komanso anam'panga kukhala m'modzi wa ŵa mu kuswana mitundu yatsopano mbewu ya zipatso ndi mabulosi.

Zatsopano Amlowam'malo wasayansi - E. S. Stroeva, E. N. Sedova ndi ndodo zina zonse Russian Institute mbewu zipatso kuswana Research Scientific mwachidule zolinga kuti mwana'yo chifukwa cha ntchito njira umalimbana maphunziro a mbewu wosakanizidwa.

The lapadera kwambiri zikuphatikizapo: kusalaza chowawa makhalidwe phenotypic mu anthu hybrid, komanso kupeza katundu kufunika kwa munthu zomera opangidwa mitundu. Generalizing zotsatira za ambiri kuswana mbewu ofufuza anamvetsa a malamulo ena kuti ayende ntchito vaccinations kuchita. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Zikhalidwe chopezera vegetative hybrids

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira za awathandize bwinobwino mu kuswana nyama, m'pofunika kuganizira Malamulo awa:

• Mmera wonse, umene kutenga phesi kapena Mphukira (Scion) ayenera kukhala vegetatively wamng'ono, zosaposa zaka 1-2, ndipo ngati awathandize bwinobwino kwa zaka zambiri ntchito mbewu ya mtengo;
• pafupi vegetative inoculum kuthawa kwenikweni anapitiriza ambiri nthambi chitsa, kupereka chikoka pa phenotypic zomera makhalidwe educability.

Chifukwa zinthu pamwamba obereketsa sangathe kupanga zipatso ndi mabulosi mbewu chuma katundu wapatali. Monga imodzi mwa njira wotchuka kwambiri ndi wamba kuswana mitundu yatsopano ya mbewu, njira imeneyi, mwatsoka, akadali bwino bwino kwa biochemists zamakono cytology.

Engineering minofu

Pa funso la nyama kuswana ntchito mu njira ya awathandize bwinobwino kapena ayi, yankho ayi. Chidwi pa nkhani imeneyi ndi maphunziro pa umisiri zokhudzana choyerekeza, i.e. kaphatikizidwe wa masanjidwewo (chimodzi kapena zingapo somatic maselo), buku wathunthu wa chamoyo. Pankhaniyi, kufanizira ndi kafalitsidwe vegetative zomera zamoyo mtundu, nyama linachokera choyerekeza tichipeza maselo homogeneous genotype. Zatsopano m'munda wa minofu ndi kukonza majini ikuchitika ndi kukula iwo mu sing'anga zatu. DNA mitima kusungidwa lonse cholowa mfundo za chamoyo, chimene zikutanthauza kuti mukhoza kupeza chabe Gawo limodzi mpaka kalekale anthu ambirimbiri - makope.

njira kuswana khalidwe nyama

I. V. Michurin njira ina awathandize bwinobwino yekha ntchito mu zatsopano ndi zamoyo mbewu, ngati mwatsatanetsatane ndi zipatso ndi mabulosi mbewu. Monga tidanena kale, kufufuza nyama ali limatchula zake. Choyamba ndi kupanda vegetative kafalitsidwe mu inakhala apamwamba.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti matupi awo yodziwika ndi digiri yapamwamba ya kaphatikizidwe ziwalo zonse ndi kachitidwe, kotero kusintha m'thupi limodzi khalidwe yeniyeni mchikakamizo cha Unikirani n'kogwiritsa chisokonezo kwambiri mu kachitidwe kugwirizana anatomically ndi physiologically. Zochita kukhazikitsa ndi angadziwire ntchito ndi nyama zotsatirazi njira zoti: inbreeding (inbreeding) ndi kutali mwakusakaniza. Origin ntchito kulenga mizere yoyera ndiponso kupeza zotsatira za heterosis ndi wachiwiri ntchito akumapeza ndi Mitundu latsopano nyama.