Komiti Emergency: decoding wa achidule, mbiri

Pafupifupi zaka 25 kuchokera nthawi imene TV analengeza oyamba a boma la mwadzidzidzi. Iwo unali mmawa wa August 19 kutembenukira kwa Soviet Union mu 1991. Zochitika za nthawi imeneyo zinali ponseponse. Iwo nawo nzika ndi andale. Zonsezi zinayamba ndi zochita za gulu la anthu ikutchedwa yekha chidule m'Komiti ya Emergency, mawu olembedwa amene amadziwika kuti nzika iliyonse amadziwa USSR, wopatsa chidwi zoopsa zotheka wa Civil nkhondo. Chimene icho chinali: pofuna kusunga dziko kapena, Tikawonetsetsa kugwa sewero ake?

prehistory

M'chaka cha 1990 pa Congress lotsatira cha akuluakulu Anthu a mgwirizano zokomera, anaganiza kupasula nkhani ya malamulo, amene amasankha ntchito lotsogolera la Gulu Communist. Pa yomweyo pulezidenti wa USSR anasankha MS Gorbachev.

Mu May chaka chomwecho zoikidwa ndi boma pamwamba pa RSFSR monga adzakhala ina, pulezidenti tsogolo la Russia, Boris Yeltsin. Kunapezeka kuti utsogoleri Soviet anali wodzipereka pampikisano mu nkhope ya boma la Russia, amene anachita mu dera limodzi. M'chaka cha Boris utenga Chikalata Ulamuliro, kupereka ukulu wa malamulo Russian pa anagwirizana zolimbana.

Limodzi ndi zimenezi ntchito nationalists inayamba mu Tbilisi, ndiye mu Vilnius, anapereka mfundo za kulowa ndi oletsedwa wa Lithuania mu Soviet Union, ndi nkhondo ina yapakati-mtundu pakati Armenia ndi Azerbaijan.

Zochitika zonsezi amafuna kanthu pa mbali ya boma. Ndiyeno akufuna kusintha mayiko zokomera ku mayiko odzilamulira. Zimenezi mtsogolomo kulenga Komiti Emergency. Chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti achidule okhala mu mbiri ya kugwa kwa Union monga bungwe la boma pa Boma la Emergency.

Onse-Union referendum

Mu m'ma 1990, pa msonkhano wotsatira wa maguluwo Mikhail Gorbachev akufuna lingaliro la Onse-Union voti national pa nkhani ya chitukuko winanso wa Union mayiko odzilamulira pa mtima wa chitaganya watsopano. ziwanga anthu mlandu kukachititsa referendum analandira.

M'chaka cha 1991 naini mayiko a Soviet Union anapereka mmalo Kukonzanso mu chitaganya alikukonzeka mayiko odzilamulira. Pa referendum yomweyo anthu RSFSR anathandiza kukhazikitsa malo pulezidenti. Posakhalitsa anasankhidwa BN Yeltsin.

Potsatira mavoti otchuka akuluakulu adziwa kuti Soviet Socialist kudzakhala kulibe pangano latsopano la mgwirizano. 20 Monga August anakonza asaine za Gorbachev decentralized chitaganya. Ndipo madzulo a chochitika chofunika analenga State Committee Emergency, amene decoding ndi adawomba nzika Soviet monga Komiti Emergency.

Kukonzekera Emergency

Akuti oyamba a boma la mwadzidzidzi mu dziko mu njira malamulo a dziko lino lakhala kutsutsana ndi boma 1990. Pa mlingo yeniyeni, anasamukira mu chaka, pambuyo June gawo la Supreme Soviet la USSR ndi wa mbiri ya Nduna ya mavuto kwambiri. Tcheyamani wa KGB, ndunayi Mkati, Minister silikhali, anaumirira boma la mwadzidzidzi pofuna kupewa kugwa chuma dziko. Komabe, pulezidenti wa USSR silinachirikize anzawo.

Mu nthawi kuchokera 7 mpaka 15 August pa malo obisika KGB mobwerezabwereza unachitikira VA Kryuchkov msonkhano ndi anthu m'tsogolo m'Komiti ya Emergency. Chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti kuchepetsa uyu adali wodziwika kwa munthu wamba, koma ziwalo za chiwembucho kwambiri nawo yokonza ulimi adzaimira. Anayamba kuyenda gulu prezidenti wa USSR GI Janaev.

Mikhail Sergeyevich pa nthawi ino tchuthi ku Crimea.

State zadzidzidzi

Morning TV ndi mawailesi uthenga August 19, 1991 anayamba ndi kungotchula wa okamba za chikalata boma, "Declaration za utsogoleri Soviet." Adawomba zokhudza Kulephela kugwila ntchito mutsogoleli wadziko, MS Gorbachev, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa thanzi lake, ndi kusintha kwa ulamuliro Gennadiyu Ivanovichu Yanaevu.

Zinali Kwa nthawi woyamba adawomba chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti m'chiwembucho. Kuthamanga dziko analengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Committee Emergency State. Amakhala ndi atsogoleri a echelons zapamwamba Soviet Union kuti: nduna yaikulu, Minister silikhali, wapampando wa KGB, ndunayi Mkati, wachiwiri oyamba wapampando wa Bungwe la chitetezo.

phukusi

Tsiku lomwelo mwayesedwa zolinga zikuluzikulu ndi zochita m'Komiti ya Emergency. Chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti komiti imeneyi inali pa milomo ya nzika iliyonse Soviet, nkhawa chifukwa dziko lawo.

Cholinga chachikulu cha anthu a wongokhazikitsidwa State Committee anali kuteteza imakhala ya Union Pangano ndi kugwa kwa USSR. Kuwonjezera oyamba a boma la mwadzidzidzi kwa miyezi 6, kupanga miyeso zotsatirazi anatengera mu Maonekedwe a Komiti Emergency:

• Chiyembekezo chakuti a paramilitary ulamuliro ndi mphamvu nyumba perechaschih malamulo ndi Constitution la USSR.
• N'kofunika kwambiri mgwirizano malamulo.
• Kuchotsa ntchito za mabungwe onse, zipani, kulepheretsa ntchito kuti matenda zinthu.
• Kukhazikitsa kulamulira atolankhani.
• Kupewa kuyambitsa zobvuta zina akugwira misonkhano, zitsanzo ndi kunyanyala.
• Mau oyamba asilikali likulu ndi magalimoto oti muli nazo zida.

kutsutsidwa

Mwa dongosolo la Deuteronomo Yazov m'mawa pa August 19 likulu zinasuntha Kantemir thanki Division ndi Taman Moto mfuti Division. Zikwi zinayi asilikali anafika kwa maola 12 mu Moscow, kumene anakakhala ku mzinda zomangamanga yovuta. Anthu anayamba kuopa chiyambi zotheka wa Civil nkhondo.

Komanso, putschists anatengedwa kuti anatseka misewu mphamvu yapadera Alpha m'dziko nyumba Yeltsin. Koma atalandira zokhudza zimene zikuchitika likulu, Boris wasankha pompopompo ku White House. Letsani mkulu gulu amalandira dongosolo osati kupondereza kuchoka kwa pulezidenti wa RSFSR.

Kufika pa Nyumba ya Soviet Union, Yeltsin watero kukana kugwirizana ndi mamembala a Komiti ya Emergency, ponena khalidwe lawo odana ndi lamulo lalikhulu ladziko. Pomwepo zokhumba anatumiza asilikali a ku White House adani ake. ntchito unkatchedwa "Bingu". Koma panali fiasco: chinazilala kulamulira paramilitaries, amene agwirizana ndi Yeltsin.

zochita Gorbachev a

Kusangalatsa anthu zochita zawo yovomerezeka, boma Committee Emergency (Committee Emergency), kuuzidwa nzika za matenda nkoyenera pulezidenti Mikhail Gorbachev. Chadzulo zochitika fateful wa USSR pa August 19, m'chiwembucho: Baklanov, Varennikov, Boldin, Chenin ndi Plekhanov - tinapita ku Foros kuti Mikhail Sergeyevich musankhepo. Mpheroyi zaufulu mphamvu kugonja Yanayev. Kuti tichite zimenezi, achiwembuwo Gorbachev akhoza kuchoka m'tchalitchichi, pambuyo kusainira lamulo ndi zofunika kulowa boma la mwadzidzidzi.

musankhepo sanali anavomera, ndipo monga chotsatira - pawekha wathunthu wa Pulezidenti mu Foros pa zokhumba za. Kodi Gorbachev ankadziwa za chiwembu kuti gulu la kulanda boma la? Chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti mbiri ya zochitika izi yafupika akukhudzidwira US mu kugwa kwa USSR. Madzulo a kulanda boma, mu July, dziko anachezeredwa ndi mkulu wakale CIA George HW Chitsamba Choyaka. Ife tikudziwa kuti iye anakumana ndi Gorbachev ndi Yeltsin. nkhani zawo Sizikudziwika, koma nzeru maukonde walandira lamulo kukhalabe achiwembuwo.

Ndipo khalidwe la Mikhail Gorbachev si bwino kwathunthu. Pa August 3, anapereka kulankhula zinthu dziko ankakumana ndi m'pofunika kuti atchule chikhalidwe cha mwadzidzidzi, ndipo tsiku lotsatira anagona mu Crimea.

Amangidwe zokhumba za

Pa August 21 msonkhano ndipo ali. za. Pulezidenti GI Yanaeva limene anthu komiti anaganiza kutumiza nthumwi kuti Foros kuti Mikhail Sergeyevich. Komanso Supreme Soviet la USSR ananena kuti kuchotsedwa kwa Mikhail Gorbachev kunali koletsedwa ndipo adamfunsa Yanaeva kuletsa malamulo ndi boma la malamulo mwadzidzidzi. Madzulo a tsiku lomwelo inalamula kumangidwa kwa mamembala a Komiti ya Emergency. Kenako mu 1994, iwo anamukhululukira.

Mavuto August zinatha kugwa kwa USSR. mayiko onse akhala alternately kulengeza ufulu wodzilamulira. Anthu a Soviet ndipo pambuyo Soviet Union lowani funso ili: "Kodi ndi zokhumba" chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti chitsanzo ndalama 1991 unakambidwanso mogwirizana ndi zochitika za pa August kulanda boma, koma patapita pang'ono numismatics.

Chinthu chokha chimene anapanga achiwembuwo - ndi chiyembekezo chakuti a kusaina Union Pangano. Amavutika kumvetsa zimene zinachitika ndi kuti zokhumba anayamba yekha, ndipo anamaliza magulu ake otsutsanawa.

Numismatics: m'chiwembucho, decoding pa ndalamayo

Azingokhala, Union linasindikizidwa m'madera onse a aliyense wa mayiko zakale. Russia - yotero. Mu 1991 anayamba ndalama timbewu ndi chithunzi pa obverse wa Spasskaya Tower ndi Council Wamkulukulu. Iwo ali mu mbiri ya numismatics anakumbukira pamene Committee Emergency a ndalamayo. Kumasulira kwa banknotes izi mwa ndalama zina ndi yosavuta, iwo zinapangidwa mpaka 1992, pamene pa obverse sizimawoneka mphungu.

Osowa buku ndalama 1991 ndi "rubles 10", bimetallic, chamoto ndi Moscow timbewu.

Osowa chitsanzo zinapangidwa Leningrad timbewu tonunkhira, ankatsogoleranso mtengo mwadzina la "rubles 10" mu 1992.