Kupanga katundu ndi kupanga kachitidwe: tanthauzo, malamulo ndi mitundu

Kupanga kachitidwe nyumba zomwe zimakhudzidwa zida ndi anthu kugwirira ntchito limodzi. Iwo amagwira ntchito yawo zinthu ina malo, malo awo a ntchito mogwirizana ndi ntchito. Kupanga katundu ndi kupanga kachitidwe ndi kumaphatikizapo zinthu zenizeni.

makhalidwe General

Kupanga kachitidwe amatha okha kapena molumikizana ndi mzake kukumana mafunso awa kapena ena, ndi zosowa angathe ogula kudzera katundu chopangidwa ndi ntchito. Zikamera wa nyumba otere amayamba ndi maonekedwe kapena mapangidwe kufunika msika. Iwo ayenera kusinthidwa kukumana ogula yaitali akumufuna. Choncho, cholinga cha dongosolo yopanga tichipeza mu kupanga ndi malonda mankhwala anafuna mu msika.

siteji

Dongosolo la njira yopanga ndi ndondomeko ya ntchito kugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa zipangizo ndi zipangizo mu katundu. Mwa zovuta kuti pali kusintha kwa ndalama ntchito pa ntchito. Iwo kudutsa magawo zotsatirazi:

1. Mechanization. Monga mbali ya ntchito zake Buku mwina m'malo ndi makina.
2. Zokha. Ndi kusintha lathunthu la zida za ntchito makina. Zokha minimizes okhudzidwa anthu ntchito.
3. Standardization. Iwo amatenga pachilichonse za ziwalo, ntchito, malonda, chifukwa chimene mankhwala zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi anthu mosinthana.
4. Computerization. Iwo limakupatsani mpata kwa changeover kusintha zida kupanga osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana katundu.

Mitundu ya ka katundu

Atsimikiza malinga ndi magawo a mapangidwe makampani ano. Malinga ndi njira mtengo yodula, bungwe, mlingo zamakono mitundu zotsatirazi:

1. Zofewa chisanadze sayansi (asilikali chisokonezo chotere).
2. Zofewa sayansi, zochokera umisiri kusintha (toyotizm).
3. Zovuta sayansi (Fordism).

Tiyeni tikambirane mitundu izi za kachitidwe kupanga mwatsatanetsatane.

Asilikali dongosolo chisokonezo chotere

Chotero dongosolo la ntchito mafakitale ali mbali zotsatirazi:

1. m'dera Ofunika - ndi adani a misika yatsopano kwa kugulitsa katundu kwa mtengo awo.
2. Manufactory ndi mankhwala fakitale zopangidwa. Bukuli lili mechanization, kutengerapo ntchito kiyi zida amatipatsa yopapatiza, ogwira ntchito yosavuta zapaderazi.
3. Zidindo ndi polushablonnaya wonyong'onya ntchito.
4. Kukakamizidwa kayendedwe ka ntchito, anapatsidwa makina.
5. Yaikulu ntchito zakuthupi ndi anthu ogwira ntchito pa kuchepetsa awo mu mtengo.
6. Zambiri ntchito.

kupanga kasamalidwe dongosolo mu nkhani iyi ndi chikhalidwe cha nkhondo. Kwenikweni, chifukwa cha ichi, iye wotchedwa asilikali anarchist. Mosapatuka ubale kupanga wosakhazikika ndithu.

Fordism

Woyambitsa wa dongosolo kupanga anakhala G. Ford. Iye anayamba chiphunzitso chakuti kamba chifungulo cha amene ali motere:

1. Mkulu kulipira ntchito wantchitoyu.
2. Control chiwerengero cha maola. Antchito ayenera ntchito maola 48 pa mlungu, koma kenanso.
3. Kuonetsetsa zabwino makina zotheka boma, chiyero awo mtheradi.
4. Kulima kulemekeza anthu okha ndi mzake.

Malinga ndi mfundo zimenezi wakhala anayambitsa 8 maola tsiku ndi kuyatsa malipiro kuwirikiza kawiri envisaged mu malamulo ambiri amavomereza. Ford analenganso sukulu ndi maphunziro, anatsegula sociological zasayansi, yomwe ikuchitika kuphunzira zinthu ntchito, zosangalatsa ogwira ntchito zapakhomo. Pa nthawi yomweyo anamusamalira ogula angathe. Makamaka mwapadera linaperekedwa kwa kupanga mankhwala quality, chitukuko Intaneti utumiki, magalimoto mosalekeza bwino, anakana mtengo kudziŵidwa. Monga chofunika okhwima kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsa makina khama, luso mofulumira. Mosamalitsa kulamulira ukhondo, ukhondo, kuganizira makhalidwe thupi wa ogwira kufalitsidwa kwa iwo kuchita ntchito zina (zofuna masomphenya kulenga kapena popanda kusintha mphamvu). Ford anali mmodzi wa anthu amene analenga nzeru mchitidwewu. Mtengo wa munthu ameneyu ndi ena amene analimbikitsa maganizo ofanana, lili mu kutsimikizira mfundo zikuluzikulu underpinning gulu la ka katundu. Panopa, iwo anataya kufunika kwake, koma m'malo mwake, kukhala kuposa akumufuna.

mbali Ofunika

Cholinga chachikulu cha Fordism kuchepetsa ndalama yopanga. Pakati mbali kiyi wa nyumba otsatirawa akhoza anatchula:

1. kupanga pipelining.
2. Kapezekedwe ka Park apadera makina.
3. Unatengera ntchito yosavuta.
4. Kukakamizidwa mungoli, ena conveyor.
5. Low-aluso ndodo.
6. Siriyo (misa) kupanga.
7. ndalama zocheperako kuukitsa ndalama kumanga payipi latsopano.
8. A lalikulu ndodo zolowa.

kasamalidwe

Pamafunikanso:

1. Kupanga mapulani. Iwo anali ikuchitika mawonekedwe a kuwerengera a zachuma, anthu ndi chuma.
2. Wam'mbuyomu. Ndi chitukuko cha mbali ndi njira ya katundu mwa zida.
3. Tikutumiza. Imakhala anagawira njira-maulendo ndi ntchito yopanga kwa mayunitsi ntchito.
4. Ndandanda. Ndi mapangidwe zithunzi ndi mgwirizano wa magawo osiyanasiyana a njira processing ndi kupanga (pa mndandanda kapena kufanana).
5. ulamuliro Quality.
6. Kupititsa patsogolo njira yopanga ndi kugawa ntchito mwa ndodo.

Toyotizm

ka katundu zafotokozedwa pamwambapa si kusiyana ndi kusinthasintha ndi luso atengere zinthu kusintha. Toyotizm - kuyankha kufunika akatswiri kwambiri oyenerera, kukula kwa makampani kuyenda. Iwo amachita monga ulimi wamakono ndi dongosolo la zachuma. mfundo zake zazikulu ndi kupeza kuphatikiza mulingo woyenera kwambiri makhalidwe a anthu, maphunziro, anatengera mosalekeza kuti zinthu zikusintha. Kuyembekezeredwa kukopa ndodo kwambiri oyenerera, ntchito polushablonnogo ndi ntchito yolenga. Mu chimango ichi, kusintha kapangidwe ndi kupanga kachitidwe. zinthu zonse molimba monga ya makampani apadera kwambiri, anayamba zopezera nthambi.

Kukula kwa ka katundu mtundu kusintha Japan

Anayamba anayambitsa ndi posachedwapa, mu m'ma 20. Kukula bwino machitidwe kupanga mtundu taonera Japan. Pa makampani anayamba ntchito chitsanzo kompyuta. Iwo imayang'anira nkhani ya onse mayunitsi structural ndi zipangitsa ntchito mosalekeza. Kupanga ndi dongosolo luso mtundu kumafuna makonzedwe mwachindunji ndi mayendedwe a linanena bungwe ndi kulamulira kulingalira. Kupitiriza amaperekedwa ndi yobereka zipangizo "mu nthawi" mu malo oyenera ndi zambiri chofunika. lachitsanzo limeneli limatchedwa "kanban". Anakonza ogwira ntchito m'dipatimenti akufotokozera mlungu uliwonse kapena mwezi ndandanda kwa kupanga mankhwala atsopano. Motero sangachite monga chiwembu kupanga kwa mbewu iliyonse. ndandanda Sikuyenda anayamba tsiku lililonse, mgwirizano yekha conveyor chachikulu. zokambirana zina Zikuvumbulutsidwa mwa dongosolo la "kanban". Njira Japanese amadziwika padziko lonse chifukwa cha ubwino wake. zotchuka chotere amaperekedwa ndi ziyang'aniridwe wa kampani. Wogwila ntchito iliyonse kampani akuona udindo aliyense payekha mankhwala chopangidwa. mabwalo Special ku kampani anapanga kulamulira khalidwe. mamembala awo mosalekeza patsogolo luso lawo ndi kudziwa.

mfundo

ka katundu Main mu dziko lero zochokera:

1. mapulani Resource. Malinga ndi ntchito ambiri ntchito kupanga zinthu zilizonse, financials, kukonza chitukuko, ndandanda ntchito.
2. ulamuliro Quality.
3. Anthu Management Resource. Pamafunikanso kuphunzira makhalidwe munthu wa munthu kuonetsetsa kupitiriza ndi chitetezo. Mu mabizinezi anayambitsa ndandanda kusintha, kuwonjezera osiyanasiyana ntchito ndodo. Antchito okha zimakhudzidwa gulu la ulimi. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa gulu ndi mkati akatswiri kudziletsa.

Features malonda Russian

Panopa ntchito za chitsanzo ogwira ntchito, kuphimba magawo onse ogwira lapansi. Zikuphatikizapo osati linanena bungwe mwachindunji, komanso mwa kundipatsako kwa zipangizo za ulimi wake, ndi malonda mankhwala itatha. Pa momwe bwino kukonza dongosolo zimatengera mtundu wa nsalu, mlingo wa ndalama, Kupikisana kampani. Monga zinthu zofunika kwambiri constraining chitukuko cha machitidwe kupanga latsopano la Russia, ndi kusowa, mabwana oyenerera ndi kusowa mfundo za kuthekera ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo wamakono.

Dongosolo kulunjika

kasamalidwe dongosolo kupanga ndi lamulo amadziwa ogwira lonse. The ntchito woyamba anayamba mulingo woyenera chitsanzo cha kugwira ntchito wa kampani. Management kumaphatikizapo zochita za malo a maofesi, kumayambiriro kwa malamulo ndiponso mfundo. dongosolo kugwira ntchito ayenera nthawi zonse kuyang'aniridwa. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pali Mulungu udzakhazikitsidwadi malamulo maulendo m'kupita wofotokozedwa mfundo za kudzipereka kwawo. Ofunika ndi kusunga zipangizo, zigawo, madera, ndi malonda mkati kumalo a ntchito. polojekiti ayenera anaonetsetsa pamisinkhu onse a kampani. Pofuna kukwaniritsa mpikisano wa ogwira ntchito ayenera kutulutsa mankhwala adamfunsa pa msika. Mu nkhani imeneyi, ndi makhalidwe ake omwe angachititse kuti zikhale zosiyana kwa bwino ku zinthu za Makampani ena. Pa nkhani imeneyi, gulu la akatswiri ndi kukhala kapangidwe mankhwala udzabala kampani, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zochitika zawo alipo zingamuthandize.