Mabuku kusanthula lemba: Mwachitsanzo. Text Analysis Plan: wolemba, mutu, kalembedwe, ndi mutu

State mfundo za maphunziro ku mayunivesite ndi kutsata aphunzitsi tsogolo la mabuku kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane za lembalo. Zitsanzo za kufunika kwa njira zimenezi akhoza kuzitchula. Ndithudi, kabudula mmodzi wa sayansi kuti kuphunzira chikhalidwe anthu kudzera chinenero ndi ntchito zolembalemba, simungakhoze kuchita popanda philology, basi zingatithandize monga njira kalembedwe bwino, ndipo akamanena za katswiri ziwiri njanji - ndi Chirasha ndi mabuku. Philology yokha anabadwa mu kuphunzira malemba ndi lero ndi nthambi imodzi kudziwa za iwo.

Analysis: mbali ziwiri

malangizo awa ndi mwachilungamo yoyenda yokha ndi kuganizira malemba pansi ngodya chosiyana - zolembalemba ndi zinenero. Nkhani yoyamba ikufotokoza polemba chinenero chilichonse ntchito chake mutu, lingaliro, dongosolo image, zikuchokera ndi kulunjika wa chronotope. The yachiwiri ikufotokoza za lemba mu mawu a chinenero wake kudzera luso kudutsa (achipongwe, mafanizo), mwatsoka, nthawi zambiri mosatengera kuti zili ndi opanda kumvetsa ntchito kokha kukongoletsa, kuthandiza kuti aunikire wolemba akunenera. Ngakhale kwambiri zachilendo maonekedwe tiered kusanthula mawu a ophunzira, amene anawononga kukhulupirika kwa mankhwala ndi maganizo ake zokongoletsa, ndi kupha onse luso chabe yoyesa Malemba.

Mwachitsanzo: "Kodi ndakatulo woonda intonation, ndi kapangidwe ka ziganizo kuchuluka kwa Tetrameters phokoso pentameter kumene nkhawa imagwera pa onse 2, 4, 6 ndi syllables 10, pambuyo aliyense wa wachinayi - ndi zolaula yaitali Imani." Kumangopitirira: mawu phonetics, kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe, mphindi stylistic, malembedwe ... Ndipo izo zonse za zodabwitsa ndi olimbikitsa ndakatulo "Ine ndimakukonda." Kuti moyo akhala pambuyo ndemanga wotero, osati moyo chidzazirala ndakatulo? Choncho kofunika kuphatikiza amafunika zinenero, zolembalemba, ndi chikhalidwe-mbiri zimenezi zimaphatikizapo yoyesa a m'lemba philological. CHITSANZO kutanthauzira ayenera kutsogolera luntha, kupanga chifukwa ena. Choyamba, likukhalira mtima kwambiri zotengera malingaliridwe Atawerenga, ndiye kusinthika zambiri kumvetsa ndi njira uthenga mlembi. Ndiko kumene chidziwitso chenicheni. Ngati, mu iambic, chidziwitso si kuchuluka, izi zonse pachabe mnogoumny yoyesa Malemba. Chitsanzo cha kulephera kufika mipherezero - kenanso.

Maonekedwe ochititsa

Dialectic limodzi umodzi wa thupi ndi wokhutira ndi luso malemba, modalirana, ndi zokongoletsa cilamulo kulungamitsidwa chiphunzitso yodziwika kusanthula philological. The kusanthula mawu buku ikuyenda kwa okhutira kupanga, matupi izo, kuwulula. Moyenera wina, ndi kafukufuku akhoza explicated mwa mawonekedwe mtambowo kuti kumvetsetsa zili. Njira yoyamba n'koopsa decoding okhutira ndi mochuluka subjectivity ndi, zinapeza malo okhala kuwunika, kuyambira lemba adafunafuna chitsimikiziro cha bodza lake, ndi chinenero ndi zipangizo zake chabe fanizo chakuti nkhambakamwa chabe. Mawonekedwe ku nkhani - njira zambiri zomveka. Achipongwe, mafanizo ndi kudutsa zina zimapezeka ndondomeko ya kusuntha, chifukwa osankhidwa mawu ena, mmene n'zokhudza, amene adalipo kapangidwe ndi mitundu kalembedwe, momwe manenedwe chimauza owerenga ndi - ndi mmene ikugwirizanirana mu dongosolo. Choncho analimbikitsa lingaliro la wolemba, maganizo ake. Only mawonekedwe angasinthe nkhani alili lapansi. Pushkin a "Ndimakukonda" akhoza kuika mu mawonekedwe osiyana, kenako matsenga idzapita.

Njira imeneyi kwambiri kumawonjezera lexical ndi zamalankhulidwe zigawo zikuluzikulu za mutu zolembalemba. Kawirikawiri amaona konse mu zidutswa: "Nenani phunziro la mawu akuti", "Kodi ndi mmene lembalo anapanga njira?" "Kodi wolemba anavomereza zopatuka malamulo chinenero ambiri ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani?" ndi zina zotero. Ndipo zimenezi zimapangitsa chakuti mawu a nsalu wang'ambidwa, anagwa cholinga chenicheni, ulusi m'munsi, zimene zinachitikira zonse, mozama ndi kusanthula wathunthu sapereka la wolemba lemba kumvetsa. Koma ngati mmalo mwa "kudziwa mutu lemba la" kupempha tanthauzo la zamalankhulidwe zikuchokera, ndondomeko angapite mtsinje umodzi, mosalekeza. Khama la mitu m'nyimbo - kovuta, ngati si n'komwe pomaliza Mwachitsanzo, ndakatulo zina zabwino yake yeniyeni. Kumvera pa kulankhula musati kuloza ngati kuzindikiridwa zamalankhulidwe unyolo kuti kupanga ubale ndi kugwirizana imene onse akanati incremented wina watsopano "m'madzi," tanthauzo. Kumvetsera ndi manenedwe a mawu ikuwonjezera chilungamo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti akuya kumvetsa.

pa sukulu

Pakuti ana a kuwunika malemba a lingaliro ayenera kukonza mwachidule, momveka ndi mfundo, kusanthula ayenera makamaka watanthauzo umalimbana kumvetsa, m'lingaliro - "sitepe ndi sitepe". Ndi ntchito malemba zizichitidwa mwaluso, ndi malemba luso kapena journalistic. Mitundu yonse ya malemba kwenikweni zikuvutitsa munthu ano, makamaka wophunzira: malonda pa msewu ndi pa TV, wailesi, nyuzipepala, magazini, mapepala, malipoti, malemba sayansi ndi luso, ngakhale SMS kapena ndemanga olembedwa pa maonekedwe pa Intaneti. Pakhala kuchuluka kwa malemba mudziwe mphamvu zazikulu, koma chifukwa poyamba pa zonse tiyenera kusankha kwa nyanja iyi yokha mtengo wapatali kwambiri, wokongola komanso zokoma. Journalistic m'lemba lalerowa ndi kuchuluka yaikulu ya misa okwana zambiri, ndi kuwunika mabuku Choncho n'kofunika kwambiri.

Kwa ana mwa njira imeneyi osati luso ndi mtima wa mawonekedwe a chuma chinenero, koma poyamba pa zonse - phindu zokongoletsa za nkhani iyi. Kuti muchite izi m'kalasi, ophunzira kuphunzira mapangidwe makamaka tingachipeze powerenga, kupanga mapulani a kusanthula mawu, mawu ndi kufotokoza chiyambi cha zithunzi, ndiyeno kupanga mawu amenewa yakeyake - ndi chitsanzochi, motero zawachitikira kayankhulidwe, kuphunzira Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana kulankhula zosiyanasiyana moyo. Komanso, ndi kuchotsa kufunika kuphunzira phonetics, galamala, morphemics ndi nthambi zina zonse sayansi zinenero kuti luso kunena maganizo awo ndi kumvetsa wina. Kugwira ntchito ndi ophunzira amachitika masiteji, kumapeto kwa chigawo chilichonse cha mayeso wochititsidwa kulemba kulenga kapena ntchito. Chinthu chachikulu motere - kuthandiza ophunzira kupeza kusaka njira, cholinga ndi luso lapadera zimene phunziro la lembalo. Kunadza zizolowezi zina kwa - mkulu - mawonekedwe a kulumikizana, ophunzira mukumvetsera, kuwafunsa mafunso ndi kuyankha momveka bwino.

Kodi kukonzekeratu kusanthulidwe ka lemba

Text pomaliza imatengedwa misinkhu yosiyanasiyana, kuti awo zingasiyane kwambiri momasuka ndi kufunsa limatchula za nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Koma Mulimonsemo m'pofunika kuyenda mbali yaikulu ya ndime mtundu wa kulankhula ndi masitaelo ake. Pakuti akufuna kuti choyamba kudziwa magawo zotsatirazi.

• Lembani mawu a mawu.
• The zikuchokera, kusonyeza chiwerengero cha mayunitsi zamalankhulidwe ndi microtia mu iwo.
• Nature wa ulalo wa mu lemba - akulumikiza kufanana kapena unyolo.
• Kodi zikutanthauza amalankhulira galamala ndi mawu.
• Kalembedwe kulankhula mawu - journalistic, otchuka sayansi, nduna malonda, zojambulajambula, kucheza nawo woyambitsa lembalo.
• Mutu wa mawu ndi zimene chinenero kumatanthauza operekedwa ndi mgwirizano.
• Ganizo zofunika (lingaliro) Lemba.

Stylistic ndi mtundu wanyimbo mbali

lemba Scientific isiyana ndi zina ulaliki mfundo, zowombetsa mkota, umboni, matanthauzo molondola ulaliki maganizo. A osiyana pang'ono kuchokera sayansi nkhani yake yotchuka. Chitsanzo angapezeke mu magazini ya sayansi, kumene kapena lingaliro kapena anapeza kusonyeza osiyanasiyana owerenga, kutanthauza kuti mawu akhale chidwi ndi zosavuta kukumbukira. Ndipo pano iye ntchito ndi kalembedwe sayansi kapena journalistic kapena zaluso. Journalistic chomwecho - zilipo, chilakolako, akuitana, maganizo, otsenochen, zithunzi, zomveka. lemba luso losiyana zithunzi mkulu ndi ntchito kwambiri njira chinenero - zachiwerewere ndi limaonetseratu. Chikhalidwe cha mawu boma-malonda si, cholinga, prescriptive, ndi mawu enieni, yovomerezeka stereotypical anamanga. Analankhula mawu amaonetsa mwamwayi ndi omasuka, kubwereza mtundu m'kamwa kulankhulana ndi mawu osakonzekera.

Science lemba m'mabuku ndi m'magazini, nazonse, otanthauzira, monographs, mfundozo. Mitundu iwiri palokha akulowa otchuka sayansi malemba, chitsanzo angapezeke mu magazini iliyonse zoyenera danga, luso, luso nkhani. Ndi yolinganizika ndi mfundo za nkhaniyo asayansi Ufumuyo ndi zambiri polemical kugula ake ndi zithunzi. lemba Journalistic ndi khalidwe la vuto la nkhaniyo, zomwe zikutipatsa vuto tanthauzo chikhalidwe ndi Khadili njira kuthetsa vuto limeneli, ndi chithunzi sewero, komwe kunasonyeza kuti asadziwe munthu winawake, kuyenda nkhani ndi zina zachidule zachilengedwe, moyo ndi zokumana kuyenda, zingakhale cholembedwa mu nyuzipepala kapena nkhani. lemba Luso kwake zosiyanasiyana Mitundu - lyric ndakatulo, nkhani, fanizo, kungakhale mpukutu wa buku kapena nkhani. Official ntchito malemba ife tikupeza mu ntchito, memos ndi ofotokozera, autobiographies, mphamvu za kuweruza, zachitikadi. Pansipa timasonyezadi mwatsatanetsatane kusiyana masitaelo izi.

Njira kalembedwe akuti

Mu phunziro la sayansi, mbali khalidwe la kalembedwe ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: mawu akugwiritsidwa kokha mwa ganizo lina, iwo salowerera, wamba ambiri sayansi (monga kufanizira ndi, mwatsatanetsatane, mphamvu, etc ...), mobwerezabwereza mawu malemba, zooneka zida kwina. lemba Journalistic - makamaka ndi mawu ndale komanso, imene ikuimira mfundo za makhalidwe abwino, mankhwala, makhalidwe, maganizo, zachuma ndi zina zotero. Komanso utolankhani ndisefukira njira zimakhudza maganizo anthu - syntactic kufanana achipongwe, kufanizira, lexical kubwereza, panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira, mawu ndi miyambi, zolembalemba makoti, nthabwala, Zotengera, Izitu n'zovutitsa, ndi zina zotero.

m'mabuku olembedwa ndi kalembedwe mkulu ndakatulo. Pali chimapambana buku mawu, kumene osati mafanizo m'lembali, luso kalembedwe imbues ake wamba, chilankhulo, akatswiri ndi malonda makhalidwe Anabwereka journalistic kalembedwe Paronyms n'chimodzimodzi, otsutsana, staroslavyanizmy ndi archaisms, neologisms. Official ntchito kalembedwe ndi zolowa muyezo terminology wapadera, collocations ndi kupanda zili m'maganizo.

limaonetseratu kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe njira

Kalembedwe sayansi amachuluka manauni zambiri neuter (maphunziro, chuma), mwa mawu manauni ndi kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ali mkati tanthauzo la zowombetsa mkota kapena wasokonezeka (vuto ndi chopita ku chimodzi chimene, ndi zina zotero), ndi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mawonekedwe a mtundu ungwiro wa kasewenzetsedwe ka mau sizigwiritsidwa ntchito mawu osokoneza m'lembali, koma kwambiri akuti lachitatu munthu. Lemba journalistic lili kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ambiri kuyesetsa ndi kubwerera, kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito nauni mu genitive monga matanthauzo kosagwirizana (mayiko sanali CIS, mawu a dziko, ndi zina zotero).

lemba luso losiyana machulukitsidwe kasewenzetsedwe ka mau kwa mphamvu ndi mphamvu ya kanthu, ntchito Verbless, khalidwe si munthu ndi zosasinthika amapereka pamaso pa infinitives, nambala yaikulu masakalamenti kwa mphako item kufotokoza ndi zochititsa mu mphamvu ya milandu siyana ntchito kumapangitsanso mawu (ndi ablative - kwabasi, monga kuimba Nightingale) ntchito adjectives lalifupi, chikhalire puronauni nkhani lakutali, ndi munthu ndi kulamula kuti asangalale kufala vannosti kapena kudzipereka. Official-ntchito kalembedwe amagwiritsa njira zosiyana kumanga mawu. Iwo salola mitundu ya kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ndi mawu la munthu woyamba ndi wachiwiri, ndi munthu wachitatu alankhula mu mtengo CHOSADZIWIKA. manauni gulu ntchito zizindikiro ndi malemba anaika kasewenzetsedwe ka mau imperfective, ndipo mu mphindi - wangwiro.

Njira malembedwe akuti

Mu phunziro la sayansi, kuti mawu ali molunjika, ambiri ziganizo chabe ndipo zingaoneke pandekha, ambiri ziganizo zovuta zambiri ntchito wapakamwa participle ndi participial mawu, mawu akuti chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nkhani genitive, ndi nauni kuphatikiza chachikazi. M'malemba journalistic amaganizira ndi zamalankhulidwe ulusi chiyambi ndi mapeto a m'lemba pogwiritsa ntchito mawu kwenikweni mawu koyambirira ndipo ziganizo nawo ndi kunyozedwa participle mawu, nthawi zambiri ziganizo zovuta. Komanso amatanthauza kwambiri apa ndi mutu malemba.

Official-ntchito kalembedwe Malemba amapereka wapadera chifukwa ziganizo zovuta yosavuta ndi motsatana osiyana ndi anthu homogeneous. Lemba zolembalemba anyamula maganizo ndi interrogative ndi ameneŵa, ndi Nkhani, iwo akhoza kukhala amphumphu komanso chosakwanira, chimodzi-chidutswa ndi Mipikisano gawo. Apa ndi ufulu wonse wosankha njira ya zithunzi ndi limaonetseratu.

Analysis Zojambula

kuwunika bwino anachita pa dongosolo lolozeka kuwulula kwathunthu lonjezo la wolemba wa ntchito imeneyi.

• Yambani zabwino kwambiri ndi zochitika za chilengedwe.
• M'njiramo kubweretsa nkhani pakutchulidwa mwa mfundo ndi maganizo. Pano inu mukhoza kuyamba kupenda mavuto.
• Chotsatira ndi kumanga chiwembu ndi zikuchokera.
• Polemba chinenero chilichonse.
• Zimphona - zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, ntchito yawo yaikulu.
• Features chinenero: mawu phonetics, kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe, malembedwe.
• Zida zithunzi ndi njira akuti, ntchito yawo ndi njira ya ntchito.
• Kukula, kayimbidwe kotani ndi strofika ngati ndakatulo imeneyi.
• Ntchito lonse ndi ntchito ka dziko ndi mabuku Russian.
• Kuvomerezedwa Tony.

Act pa dongosolo - anasankha bwino, makamaka ngati cholinga - kuphunzitsa ophunzira kuti amvetse ntchito luso zokongoletsa, zamalankhulidwe ndi makhalidwe mgwirizano.

ku koleji

Ophunzira philologists kwambiri ndi zilankhulo, choncho mwatsatanetsatane lemba kusanthula kwa iwo si vuto. Ndi kovuta kuti mukapereke ndemanga zinenero kuthandiza kukonza Khadili Philology. Zinthu kusanthula akatswiri a zinenero si vuto m'mabuku, akhoza polemba chinenero chilichonse komanso kamangidwe kake. Cholinga cha kusanthula zinenero malemba si zopeka ndi zinthu zina zambiri, kuphunzira chinenero bungwe, chifukwa zimasonyeza ndi ochititsa ntchito. M'munda wa view ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a chinenero kumatanthauza - ndi syntactic ndi morphological, ndi lexical ndi phonetic.

Ndithudi, wophunzira ayenera kuganizira makamaka pongoganizira mu wanzeru ndi semantically njira chinenero, ndipo, ndithudi, lexical - mfundo yoyamba, kuyambira mawu m'lemba aliyense wapatsidwa udindo wapadera deploying tanthauzo zamalankhulidwe. Ophunzira bwino ntchito osadalira pa kusanthula zinenero zosiyanasiyana, kudziwa kuti muyenera sequentially makamaka mafunso otsatirawa.

• Kodi lemba limeneli, kodi nkhani yake?
• Kodi vuto limene lili pa lemba limeneli, ali mmodzi kapena angapo a iwo? List.
• Kodi wolemba zochimwazo kumathetsa vuto la mmene poyankha mafunso, kodi udindo wake?
• Kodi stylistic ndi njira zinenero ntchito ndi wolemba kufotokoza udindo wake ndi khalidwe lokonda ataima vuto?
• ndi wophunzira khalidwe lokonda payekha anafunsa vuto la wolemba, kaya malo ziri mosiyana ndi wolemba chiyani?

njira chinenero

malemba kusanthula akhoza muli mitundu yonse ya zida chinenero, kuphatikizapo lexical, morphological, syntactic, phonetic, ndi mndandanda akupitiriza. Komabe, mbali yaikulu m'pofunika zambirimbiri.

• njira Lexical: kugwiritsa ntchito mawu ofanana matanthauzo ndi otsutsana, mawu contextual mophiphiritsa, phraseology, mawu zowala ndi - mawu pictorially kapena maganizo stylistically akuda - mkulu, otsika, kapena buku, chitachitika, Slavonicisms, archaisms ndi zina zotero. Apa m'pofunika kutchula pamaso pa tropes - achipongwe, kufanizira, mafanizo metonymy, synecdoche, okokomeza, litotes, zidole, Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, chifukwa aliyense njira mu zinchito zawo ndi udindo wawo ndi zoopsa.
• The phonetics chofunika kwambiri - ndi alliteration ndi assonance (kubwereza kwa mavawelo ndi zilembo).
• Mu kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe a ndalama zawo, zimene zili zambiri komanso sangakhale enumeration wathunthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa kasewenzetsedwe ka mau kapena gerunds amapereka mphamvu ya lemba, koma ngati zambiri adjectives, kuwerenga mungoli kubweza bwino, particles molondola ophatikizidwa ndi interjections kupereka phunziro kutengeka kwambiri ndi zina zotero.
• Malembedwe ndi zithunzi syntactic - munda lalikulu kusankha njira mawu. Mlatho chiganizo, ndi kukula. Malinga ndi kapangidwe limapereka yosavuta wolemekezeka ndi zovuta, ndi pamaso pa mamembala zazing'ono, malinga ndi ntchito zawo ndi zina zotero. Chiwerengerochi Syntactic kumachitika motere: kubwerezabwereza kapena kutsindika pa wina ndi mawu omwewo, epiphora ndi anaphora, syntactic kufanana molumikiza - mawu kapena akuti chomwecho pa mapeto a mawu kumayambiriro malangizo, kubwereza prepositions ndi zolumikizira monga osachepera ndi kubwereza malembedwe lonse monga pazipita ndi , maphunziro - kulimbitsa kapena chifooke kuichita kapena tanthauzo maganizo m'kati dala grouping mawu kapena nyumba lonse, inversion - yachilendo mawu dongosolo, otsutsana - kusiyana kwakukulu pakati yavl Nij kapena zachikunja, funso losafuna kapena modabwa - sikutanthauza yankho, koma maganizo wagundika.

afterword

Kusanthula ntchito yaluso, wophunzira, mfundo yekha amayankha mafunso awiri: "Kodi?" ndi "Motani?" kumene choyamba - imeneyi si nkhani mankhwala limodzi ndi mavuto ake onse, koma malo ake pa nkhani zolembalemba ndi mbiri yakale. Koma zachinthu china ndi kale lonse luso dongosolo, ndi mofananira kuti dziko ndi organic luso, ziwalo zonse zomwe moyo kudzera lonse ndi kupeza mphamvu ku chinthu chimodzi.

Nato palokha kusanthula m'mabuku kuoneka ngati dongosolo chizindikiro chimene analenga kutanthauzira ndi luso lanu zosangalatsa weniweni wa maganizo ndi njira kuona, amene anathandiza kulenga lemba luso. Pendani mawu mbuye zosangalatsa masewera, ndi chifukwa zimakhala zosavuta kuphunzitsa ophunzira wamng'ono, amene sanaleke kusewera mpaka mapeto a moyo wake.