Mchere: katundu ndi Mapulogalamu

Today tikambirana chiyani mchere. katundu ndi ntchito kodi angaonere. Makampani kusiyana mwachangu mu dziko lathu. Izi ndi zofunika kuti kusintha muyezo wa chikhalidwe. Kuti tichite zimenezi, tiyenera zinthu zambiri ndi zipangizo. Nkhani za izi yaiwisi yotengedwa kuya kwa munthu wa dziko lapansi. Ku nkhokwe zake ndi zimatengera pa umoyo wa anthu onse. Phunzirani maphunziro ana ndi katundu mchere (kalasi 3). Zikuoneka kuti boma akufuna kusankha adzitsogoleri malo kulemba ndi mphamvu! Ichi chidzakhala zothandiza kwa dziko lathuli.

Ndi chiyani icho?

Pafupifupi aliyense amadziwa chimene mchere. The katundu wa zinthu izi zikusonyeza kuti ife kuti wachotsa ku dziko lapansi. zinthuzi yaiwisi akhoza kukhala olimba (mchere), madzi (mafuta), ndipo ngakhale gaseous (gasi). mafupawa onse otchedwa zothandiza. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zinthu yotengedwa phindu anthu. zina zimatha mchere chiyani?

adadzizunzira vuto

Zingatanthauze kuti palibe zovuta mu nkhani imeneyi. Ife tikudziwa kwambiri chuma monga mchere. Katundu, ntchito ndi zikuchokera mphatso amenewa, tinaphunzira mu sukulu. Komabe, pali zabwino mzere kuti amagwirizana ndi kuzindikira kuti m'pofunika munthu. Papita Nthawi zambiri ndi zaka pamaso makolo athu amatha kumvetsa zofunikira pa gombe la mwala mtsinje. A nthawi yaitali kwambiri anaphunzira kusamalira kafukufukuyu, choncho ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati ndodo kukumba.

Panapita nthawi yambiri pamaso pa anthu anazindikira kuti kunsi kwa mapazi ake, matanthwe a pansi padziko, pali anthu enanso ambirimbiri amene nkhokwe miyala, mchere ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe. anthu mazana angapo yopezera mchere, pogwiritsa iwo kwa kupindula nako. Palibe vuto losavuta: munthu amanyamula padziko zinthuzi, mkati mwa Lapansili zatha. Zonsezi kumabweretsa kusokoneza kapangidwe miyala, padziko lapansi mwadzaza mankhwala mchere processing ndi zinyalala, amene amapangidwa pa processing awo. Chaka chilichonse, vutoli zachilengedwe likupitirirabe pachimake, munthu amakakamizidwa kuti tifunefune njira yatsopano ya m'zigawo ndi processing mchere.

Gawo

Mchere, katundu ndi ntchito yomwe tikambirana chiyani m'nkhani ino, ndi ambiri classifications. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane. Choncho, Akatswiriwa apeza:

• malasha utsi;
• zitsulo miyala;
• miyala yofiira;
• yomanga mchere.

miyala yofiira

Wachikuda Anthuwa - ndi banja wapadera zipangizo olimba. Iye anatengedwera ku mchere ndi. Iwo ntchito monga mafuta, osati ntchito kupeza zinthu zosiyanasiyana kapena zokolola khimsyr'ya. Iwo agawidwa m'magulu awiri:

• Transparent mchere - ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali kapena ngale. Mwachitsanzo: emarodi, aquamarine, diamondi, topazi, rube, ametusito ndi ena.
• opaque kapena theka-mtengo wapatali mchere ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Mwachitsanzo Malachite, ngale, Amber, yasipi, sibu, lapis lazuli, ndi zina zotero.

Tiyeni tione ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi semiprecious. Diamondi Anthuwa ndi chidwi miyala yamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Dzina amachokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "adamas" kutanthauza "losagonjetseka." Ndipo ndithudi, ndi mchere chovuta mu chikhalidwe, kutanthauza kuti ntchito osati ntchito zodzikongoletsera, koma kupanga makamaka luso. Diamondi ntchito liza ndi kupukuta zosiyanasiyana zolimba. Izo ntchito likumira zitsime zakuya kwambiri. A mchere kupanga olimba kwambiri kubowola. Komanso ntchito daimondi ankachitira ndi zitsulo. cutters olimba ndi mwala.

Masiku ano, asayansi anaonetsetsa kuti iwo akhoza kupeza diamondi ndi kupanga njira, koma ntchito zolinga luso. Akatswiri anapeza kuti diamondi mu kapangidwe kake - ndi mpweya. N'zosadabwitsa mmene mpweya ndi osiyana mu mchere osiyana. The mpweya graphite ofotokoza kwambiri. Koma sangathe kudzitama wa kuuma monga diamondi. Komanso, mchere ndi amadziwika kusewera ake a kuwala. Ngati mwala chimadutsa dzuwa, tikhoza funsani inu asunge zosiyanasiyana glare yowala - kuchokera yabuluu mithunzi wofiira. kukongola onse daimondi munthu ankangoona m'zaka XVIII, pamene anaphunzira kuchita mbali yapadera kuti akutembenukira mwala mu daimondi waluntha. Koma salinso kuigwiritsa ntchito pa luso. Wanzeru - mwala anafuna zodzikongoletsera.

Amapangitsa

Wapatali kwa mafupawa anthu, ndi katundu osiyana. N'kosavuta kwa ndikuganiza kuti dama ndi peat, malasha, gasi, mafuta ndi mafuta shale. Iwo likukhalira kuti chuma ntchito osati nkhuni. Mafuta, mafuta, malasha ndi peat ntchito lero, zomera mphamvu ndi makampani osiyanasiyana mafakitale. Koma gulu la mchere ankagwiritsa ntchito komanso zolinga zina, makamaka mu makampani mankhwala a. zomangira anapanga ndi amatuluka mu nyanja zakale, umene nthawi akhala dambo, ndiyeno - mu zigwa. Pansi pa nyanja izi kwa zaka zambiri panali zosiyanasiyana mankhwala zako: mafunsidwe a zatsalira kwa zomera ndi zamoyo zina. Kwa zaka zambiri, iwo kuvunda, ndipo kenako mu sapropel. Ambiri ngakhale mawu sanamve kuchokera Greek amatanthauza "yoola" ndi "dothi". Choncho, sapropel - ndi nthaka humus akhala zinthu zamoyo. Zimakhala peatland kapena lidzasinthidwa bulauni malasha.

Asayansi aona kuti mapangidwe mafuta okumba pansi ndi yaitali kwambiri ndi zovuta, pamafunika wambirimbiri nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, peat ambiri anapanga pa zaka zingapo. Zachilengedwe kuti m'pofunika kudziwa ndi kukumbukira mafani ngalande kwa madambo. Woyamba kwambiri kupanga malo mafuta shale anali oposa biliyoni zapitazo. Pafupifupi theka la onse shale mafuta anaonekera m'nyengo Paleozoic. Malasha seams inakhazikitsidwa pafupifupi mamiliyoni 350 zaka zapitazo. Masiku amenewo, dziko lapansili amatikumbutsa m'nkhalango zobiriwira za Mumapezekanso chimphona, horsetails ndi Moss. Ndi zomera, dothi alibe nthawi kuvunda, osatembenukira ku zamkati a. Zomera ndi mitengo kufa, n'kugwera m'madzi, mchenga ndi dongo analembedwa popanda decomposing, ndipo pang'onopang'ono zinapangidwa lidzasinthidwa malasha. Ngati inu kutenga dzanja mu chidutswa cha malasha, ndiye inu mukhoza bwinobwino tiyerekeze kuti tsopano m'dzanja la dzanja lanu ndi mlendo kutali kale.

miyalayo

Chitani gulu lotsatira - zitsulo ores. Kunja kwa mzinda wa mizinda zambiri onani malonda kuvomera akakhala ndi zitsulo sanali akakhala. Muyenera kudziwa kuti moyo zikuwoneka wakuda si wakuda mu mtundu. Izi zitsulo kuti ntchito yokonza chitsulo ndi zitsulo ndi yadothi. Zikuphatikizapo chitsulo, manganese, vanadium kapena chromium. Iwo anabwera siliva kapena woyera mithunzi. Chifukwa zitsulo sanali akakhala monga faifi tambala, nthaka, mkuwa, golide, otsogolera ena. Ambiri a iwo anapanga akuya chiphalaphala miyala. Pang'onopang'ono, adzaukitsidwa pamwamba. Chifukwa zotsatira zachilengedwe za mlengalenga, dzuwa ndi kupuma madzi pansi mapiri, ndi miyala nyanja kuonekera poyera kuti munthu madipoziti zitsulo.

Miyala ntchito mu makampani kuwala ndi katundu. A iwo kupanga zida zankhondo mbali zoyendera ndi zina zotero. mphamvu ya mankhwala zimadalira nkhani imene linafalitsidwa. Imathamanga mphamvu zitsulo zake. Zotayidwa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndege, chifukwa zimakhala zosavuta. Ndipo Kulumikizana magetsi zopangidwa ndi mkuwa, kuyambira ndi wochititsa yabwino ya magetsi.

zomangira

Katundu mchere wofunika kuchokera kalelo. A anthu awa anamangapo nyumba zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, chitukuko wakale wa nsangalabwi, lubwe kapena laimu kumanga zamatsenga zinthu zosiyanasiyana - akachisi, zipilala, mapiramidi ndi zina zotero. Anajambulapo mosavuta kwambiri anachekedwa mu midadada, kotero akale mapiramidi Aigupto zinamangidwa ya malasha imeneyi.

Katundu mchere: dongo ndi mchenga

Clay munthu zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga tableware, njerwa, matailosi ndi zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana za ware ukhondo. Amadziwika kuti ntchito tsopano monga chotenthetsera a. Iye ali ndi chuma wokondeka - madzi kukana. Clay ali mankhwala. Iwo akhoza kukhala a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Red dongo lili chitsulo ndi potaziyamu. zinthu zobiriwira ali ndi mkuwa ndi chitsulo. Cobalt opezeka mu dongo buluu. Mpweya ndi chitsulo ali woderapo ndi wakuda dongo.

zachilengedwe: mchenga

The katundu wa dongo ndi mchenga ndi lofunika kwambiri anthu. Ndi mtundu wa zipangizo omangira oyamba. Sand anaphunzira kuti galasi. Kusamba mbale, nthawi zambiri ntchito mchenga ndi madzi. osakaniza mwangwiro laundered kudetsedwa. Ngakhale kusukulu, timayamba kuphunzira katundu mchere (kalasi 3). Anthu ntchito chuma kulikonse. Koma kodi wopandamalire? An Ntchito yaikulu ya anthu onse - kuphunzira mmene efficiently ntchito chilengedwe amatipatsa.