Jean-Zhak Russo: lingaliro zofunika. Jean-Zhak Russo: yonena, makoti

Jean-Zhak Russo ndi imodzi akatswiri awo amene adzakhala nthawi yaitali chifukwa mtsutso. Kaya wa gulu la anzeru a Choonadi , kapena M'malo mwake, akutsutsa kwambiri aliuma? Iye anali kukonzekera pansi kwa French kuukira boma, kapena chirichonse chowapanga iwo sizichitika? A zambiri biographers anaswa mkondo, kukangana za amene uyu anali Jean-Zhak Russo. Mfundo zikuluzikulu za nzeru zapamwamba ichi, ndiwe wa onse kusukulu naturalism ndi sensualism, tiona m'nkhani ino. Ndipotu, anazindikira kuti patsogolo adzakhala zikuphatikizapo mavuto ndi despotism uwapangitsa disenfranchisement ambiri. M'njira imeneyi anthu ambiri okhala osauka pafupifupi, iye ankayembekezera lingaliro ofanana konsekonse.

Malingaliro a Jean-Jacques Rousseau: zimene zili pa pachimake awo

Cholinga chachikulu cha maganizo a nzeru zapamwamba ndi chofunika kuti mupewe boma la anthu limene tsopano. Zili wa chivundi ambiri. Chenicheni wake anzake amanena kuti kukhala chinthu chokha bwino kuphunzitsa akalonga ndi olamulira. Komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa Republic, kumene onse alandire chuma wofanana ndi ufulu ndale. Rousseau ankakhulupirira kuti mfundo zikuluzikulu za ufulu wa anthu lagona mu maganizo bwino makhalidwe abwino. Anzeruwo amanena kuti "munthu yense ndiye wolemekezeka," pamene wake "chifuniro pawekha zonse mogwirizana ndi chifuniro ambiri." Makhalidwe anali muyeso waukulu chilichonse. Choncho, iye ankakhulupirira kuti popanda ukoma palibe ufulu weniweni kulibe. Koma moyo wake unali ngati yotsutsa nzeru wake wonse.

Wambiri. Youth ntchito oyambirira

Jean-Zhak Russo, mfundo zikuluzikulu zomwe tikukambiranayi, anabadwa mu Geneva ndi chipembedzo chawo ngati mwana anali Calvinist. mayi ake anamwalira pobereka ndi bambo ake anathawa mzindawo unali mwakumana ndi milandu chigawenga. Kuyambira ali mwana anali apprenticed, koma ngakhale odziwitsa kapena engraver, amene akulamulira nzeru zapamwamba m'tsogolo, sanali iye. chakuti iye ankakonda kuwerenga mabuku amangokhalira, osati ntchito. Ankakhala kulangidwa, ndipo anafuna kuthamanga. Iye analowa m'dera pafupi - Savoy, amene anali wa Chikatolika. Kumeneko, popanda nkhani ya Akazi de A Varan - woyang'anira wake woyamba, iye anakhala Katolika. Choncho anayamba kowopsya wa woganiza wamng'ono. Iwo amagwira ntchito lackey mu m'banja lolemera, koma zizidagwidwe apo ndipo amabwerera Madame de A Warens. Ndi iye amapita kukaphunzira ku seminare, amaponyera zaka ziwiri akungoyendayenda kudzera France, nthawi zambiri kugona panja, ndipo amabwerera chikondi chake chakale. Ngakhale pamaso pa admirer wina "mayi" sichikunditsutsa iye. Kwa zaka zingapo, Jean-Zhak Russo, amene yonena ndi unyamata wake zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi maganizo wake, ndiye, ndiye ku Madame de A Warens ndipo amakhala naye Paris, Chambery ndi malo ena.

kukhwima

Khalanibe kwa nthawi yaitali monga protégé ya ukalamba madona Rousseau anakawapeza n'zosatheka. Iye anali kuyesera kuti, koma zinalephereka. Iye analephera kuphunzitsa ana iliyonse, kapena ntchito pambuyo Mlembi. Ndi owalemba ntchito zonse zimene anali nazo mavuto. Misanthropy pang'onopang'ono likulowerera mu khalidwe la munthu uyu. Ndi anthu zilibe converge. Nature - kuti ayamba chidwi okonda payekha monga Jean-Zhak Russo. Wambiri mwa nzeru zapamwamba mwadzidzidzi zimapangitsa kukhota lakuthwa - anakwatira mdzakaziyo kutumikira mu imodzi mwa mahotela. Zinali yosakongola, zotukwana mkazi amene sanali kukonda, koma iye anadyetsa iye. Ana ake onse anapatsa pogona, kuti pambuyo pake kuti banja lawo ndalama iye sanatero. Iye anapitiriza kuyang'ana kwa ntchito mu maudindo osiyanasiyana osakhalitsa, ndipo pano, mlembi, analowa Society wa Encyclopedists, amene anali kunyumba. Mmodzi wa mabwenzi ake oyamba anali Denis Diderot. inawo kawirikawiri ndi chizunzo kwa malingaliro andale. Tsiku lina, pamene Jean-Jacques kukacheza Diderot m'ndende, kuwerenga mu malonda nyuzipepala ya mphoto mpikisano ntchito yabwino pa phunziro, kupereka phindu kwa anthu a sayansi ndi luso. Mnyamatayo analemba nkhani otsutsiratu chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, anali malo oyamba analandira Jean-Zhak Russo. Mfundo zikuluzikulu za nzeru wake palemba. Choncho anayamba moyo wake woganiza a.

ulemerero

Popeza Rousseau anakhala wanzeru zaka khumi. Iye analemba nyimbo ndi operetta, amene anayika pa siteji achifumu. Zinali yapamwamba anthu mkulu. Ndipo chifukwa lingaliro zikuluzikulu anali kukana chikhalidwe chi, iye anasiya mfundo za moyo olemera ndi otukuka, anayamba kuvala chabe (ndi wamwano) nayamba zotukwana ndi amanyansidwa macheza ndi awo mabwanawe-apamwamba. Ankalandira ankakhala zolemba kukopera. Ngakhale anthu madona kumusamalira mphatso, mphatso zonse wamenya mkazi wake adyera. Posachedwa nzeru zapamwamba analemba ntchito ina imene yafala. malingaliro Political wa Jean-Jacques Rousseau, anaonekera kwa nthawi yoyamba mu ntchito imeneyi. Kukangana za mmene panali lochitira, woganiza ankakhulupirira kuti onse amene amaima pa mtima wa anthu masiku ano - boma, malamulo, gulu la ntchito - zonse izi zinapangitsa kuti akuponya kukhulupirika. Mmodzi wa Rousseau tsenitelnits, Madame d'Epinay, anamanga iye lawo wapadera "Hermitage" mu nkhalango, pamene nzeru zapamwamba akhoza kumachita mu kulingalira mu payekha. Komabe, patapita chibwenzi analephera ndi mnyamata okwatira achifumu, zimene zinachititsa kuti manyazi pakati Enitsklopedistov, Rousseau anathyola ndi anzake.

mavuto

Wafilosofi wapeza chitetezo ndi Duke wa Luxembourg, kumene akukhala kwa zaka zinayi ndipo analemba mabuku ambiri. Mmodzi wa iwo amabweretsa pa iye mkwiyo wa Mpingo, ndipo iye anathawira ku adjudication wa Paris yamalamulo. Kubisala mu Switzerland kwawo amaona kuti nayenso si kulandira pano - boma la Canton wa Berne amatulutsa nzeru za anthu. pogona latsopano iye ali Mfumu ya Prussia - akadali zaka zitatu Rousseau akugwirizira m'mudzi wa Moutier. Koma ndiye khalidwe feisty kumupanga iye kukangana ndi anthu onse ozungulira. Kuyesa kuyamba moyo watsopano, n'kubwera kwa Geneva ndi kulandira Calvin, komanso ndi akuluakulu a zipembedzo sangathe kukhala mwamtendere, ndipo anayamba kukangana nawo. The apogee mavuto amenewa anali kutsutsana ndi mzake "wolamulira wa maganizo" a m'nthawi imeneyo - Voltaire, amene anakhala pafupi Geneva, mu Ferney malo. Wachipongwe odana ntchito timabuku umapulumuka Jean-Jacques wa Motier ndi Rousseau kuthawira England. Iye amalandira kuitana kwa nzeru zapamwamba wina, Hume. Koma naye sikutheka gwirizana, ndipo patapita nthaŵi mnzanga akulengeza Rousseau openga.

Kuyendayenda ndi imfa

Wafilosofi anabwerera ku Paris, zosokera kachiwiri, othawira ndi mnzake wina, ndiye wina. Voltaire akuyamba kufalitsa timabuku pa mmene moyo woopsa anakhala munthu dzina lake Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Nzeru za anthu ndi zochita za ichi "chinyengo" sizigwirizana ndi mzake, akuti mdani. Poyankha, Rousseau analemba wotchuka "Confession" amayesa kupereka zifukwa zakale ndiponso masiku ano. Koma matenda a maganizo m'kati. Thanzi lake linkakula mofulumira, ndipo posakhalitsa, malinga n'kunena kwa Baibulo lina, pa zoimbaimba kupatsidwa ulemu wake, nzeru zapamwamba wamwalira mwadzidzidzi. manda ake pa chilumba cha Hava wakhala malo a Haji kwa mafani wa woganiza amene ankakhulupirira kuti Rousseau anavutitsidwapo kupatulana chikhalidwe.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. The nzeru za zingawateteze

Monga tanenera kale, ntchito yoyamba ya woganiza ndi akhala mpikisano, "kulingalira" za luso, sayansi, ndi Origin of lochitira. Pambuyo pake analemba mabuku monga "The Social mgwilizano", "Emile, kapena chimatsogoleredwa Education" ndi "The New Heloise." Ena mwa ntchito zake zinalembedwa mu mawonekedwe a essays, ndi ena monga mabuku. Ndi wotchuka kwambiri chifukwa atsopano Jean-Zhak Russo. The lingaliro lalikulu la kuvumbula chitukuko ndi chikhalidwe, imene kuthamanga, anasonyeza mwa Iye unyamata wake, anapeza kupitiriza zachilengedwe. Chinthu chachikulu mwa munthu, monga ine ndinaganiza nzeru zapamwamba, si maganizo ndi mphamvu. Kuweta nzeru zachibadwa kwa anthu abwino kuzindikira chikumbumtima ndi mwapang'ono. Mosiyana ndi maganizo, iwo popanda kulakwitsa, ngakhale zambiri sanamvetse. Kubadwa Kwatsopano, imene onse osiririka, zachititsa kuti izi kuchepa la anthu, chifukwa cha sayansi, luso ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale, limene linayamba nthawi, wotsogozedwa ndi kupatuka a anthu Chrixitu ndi maonekedwe a zosowa yokumba. Ntchito nzeru zapamwamba za - kamodzinso wakupatsa anthu ndi osangalala.

maganizo mbiri

Koma osati Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi zina zomwe ake ananyozedwa ndi Jean-Zhak Russo. Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano chikhalidwe ndi imodzi mwa mfundo amafotokoza aumunthu. Kumatsutsa maganizo yofanana ndale, ndi zosiyana ndi otchuka pamene Hobbes. Mu chi mbiri isanayambe, malinga Rousseau, panalibe "nkhondo ya onse ndi onse," ndipo anali weniweni "golide zaka". Modern anthu komanso wagwa limayamba ndi maonekedwe a chuma payekha - mwamsanga pamene wina staked kunja malo ndipo anati: "Izi - wanga" - mbisoweka ana kusalakwa anthu. Kumene, sikutheka kuti ndibwerere sayansi, koma amachepetsa kapumidwe patsogolo monga. Kutero, kulowa mgwirizano chikhalidwe ndi kulenga Republic of eni masitolo amamangitsa ofanana yaing'ono. nkhani sipadzakhala anaganiza ndi kulekana kwa maulamuliro, ndi referendums.

Kodi munthu

Ambiri analemba Jean-Zhak Russo kulera. Munthu woyamba wa zonse, ayenera kukhala munthu wachibadwa, chifukwa onse amafotokoza zizoloŵezi ndi luso chifukwa cha chilengedwe. Chifukwa maganizo, monga taonera - ndicho chinthu chachikulu pa anthu, ndipo izo ziyenera kukhala iwo. mfundo zowonjezera yekha tayala, ndi ulemerero. Panopa, ulemu anthu amabwera kuchokera pansi pa mtima, osati kwa maganizo. Anthu yesetsani kumvetsera mawu a chikumbumtima, ichi ndi - kuitana kwa chirengedwe. Pofuna wake wa chitukuko munthu waiwala za izo, ndi ogontha. Choncho, azibwerera yabwino umaimiridwa ndi njira ya "molapitsa achifumu", anatumiza mwachindunji ndi mphamvu, ndipo sanachite zofuna zosafunika yokumba zodyera.

Chenicheni ndi maphunziro

Malingaliro a nzeru zapamwamba zonse za zotsutsana. Pomenyana ndi chikhalidwe sayansi, Rousseau, Komabe, nthawi zonse anasangalala zipatso ndi maphunziro wa munthu anazindikira kufunika iwo ndi zoyenereza undoubted. Iye anakhulupirira, ngati ambiri a m'nthawi yake, kuti ngati olamulira adzamvera kwa anzeru, ndiye anthu amakhala wangwiro kwambiri. Koma izi si kutsutsana kokha, kumene kunali khalidwe la anzeru monga Jean-Zhak Russo. malingaliro Pedagogical wa nzeru zapamwamba ikufuna pa maphunziro, umene kudzudzulidwa. Kuti Kungatheketse kuukitsa anthu a m'dera lawo, ndipo popanda iwo, ndi olamulira ndi atumiki akapolo ndi abodza chabe. Koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ubwana munthu - ndi kukumbukira za Paradaiso Wotayika wa m'badwo wagolide, ndi kuyesera kuitenga ngati kuli kotheka kwa chilengedwe.

Ukoma - maziko a zonse

Ngakhale kuti nzeru za moyo sanali kutsatira maganizo ake, makhalidwe abwino amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'ntchito zake. Kutengeka ndi chisoni, ndi kuona kwa woganiza, kodi m'munsi chachikulu cha makhalidwe abwino, ndi yamasika maziko a munthu ndi dziko. Chotero Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. M'mawu nzeru zapamwamba za makhalidwe abwino, chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo ofanana kwambiri. Ndipo ukoma, chikhulupiriro ayenera subordinated kwa chilengedwe, iye anati. Only ndiye anthu adzakhala wangwiro pamene pakati pa dziko mumtima wa munthu, makhalidwe, maganizo ndi zomveka zigawo wake zimatheka mogwirizana ndi zofuna za anthu onse a anthu. Choncho, anthu ayenera kugonjetsa kupatuka awo abwino kwa wina ndi mzake ndi kukhala ngati andale amene ali "zinthu monga mimbulu osati ankhanza ... Akhristu ... amene mukufuna kuti ayambenso adani awo pa njira ya choonadi."

chikoka Rousseau a zake ndi zaka izi zinali zachidziwikire. zikhulupiriro zake pa za chitsutso cha kudzikonda komanso ku ukoma, chilungamo, ndi chinyengo cha malamulo zonama za eni dyera ndi kusalakwa osauka, komanso maloto a kubwerera ku chikhalidwe, anali anatola ndi Romantics ndi, omenyana ndi kuti bwino chikhalidwe ndi ufulu chikhalidwe ofuna mogwirizana ndi fraternity.