Mary, Mfumukazi ya Chi: yonena. History of Mfumukazi Mary Stuart

Scottish Mfumukazi Mary Stuart moyo wodabwitsa. tsoka movutika komabe anthu amakopeka.

Childhood ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka

Mary Stuart - Mfumukazi ya Chi kuyambira ukhanda, wolamulira wa France (monga mkazi wa Francis II) ndi mmodzi wa pretenders mpando wachifumu England, anabadwa pa December 8, 1542 mu Palace ya Linlithgow, ankakonda okhala olamulira a Stuart mafumu.

mwana wamkazi wa Mfumukazi Marii De amati ndi Scottish King James V, ndi heiress pang'ono kwa masiku angapo pambuyo pa kubadwa, bambo ake anamwalira. Iye anafa ali aang'ono, pa msinkhu wa zaka 30. Chifukwa chotero imfa oyambirira anali chidakwa ndipo amachita manyazi kwambiri kugonjetsedwa kwa Scotland pankhondo nkhondo ndi Britain, barons kuperekedwa, ndinapita ku mdani, ndi imfa ya ana awiri.

Popeza olandira mwachindunji ndi yovomerezeka pambuyo ananyamuka wangobadwa, mwana wake wamkazi analengezeratu kulamulira Scotland.

Chifukwa cha m'badwo wa Mary, Mfumukazi ya Chi, iye sakanakhoza kulamulira anasankhidwa regent. Iwo anakhala wachibale wake wapafupi, Dzheyms Gamilton.

Asilikali nkhondo ndi England

History of Mfumukazi Mary of Scotland mwadzaza amazipotokola zosayembekezeka ndi motsatana. bambo ake adafuna mgwirizano ndi France, ndipo anali pa nkhondo ndi boma la Britain. Regent Dzheyms Gamilton mosiyana ndi zimenezi, anayamba kuyesetsa kukhala mfundo ovomereza Britain. Iwo anali atagwirizana Mary anakwatira mlowam'malo kuti wachifumu British Edward. Mwa nthawi imeneyi iye anali coronation ake.

Against malingaliro amenewo anali Mfumukazi Amayi, kutumikira ndi gulu la anthu olemekezeka Scottish kwa kugwirizananso ndi France. zochita zawo, komanso lamulo la Henry VIII pomwepo adzamtumiza ndi Mary pang'ono, zinachititsa kusintha lakuthwa vuto mu dziko. Othandiza kulamulira ku France, ndi England nthaŵi yomweyo izo. Anayamba incursions ku Scotland la asilikali British. Iwo imawonongeka m'midzi ndi m'matauni ndi kuwononga mpingo. Yogwira mbali ya Chiprotestanti kulimbikitsa rapprochement ndi England. Zonsezi zapangitsa chakuti boma Scottish anapempha thandizo kwa France. mgwirizano wa ukwati wa Mariya ndi wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu French, Francis yosainidwa. Zitatha izi zisanu Mfumukazi ya Chi anatengedwera ku France.

Moyo pa bwalo la Henry II

M'chaka cha 1548 Little Mary ndi retinue yaing'ono akadzafika mu Paris. Iye anapatsidwa mwansangala kwambiri pa bwalo la mfumu French. Apo iye anaphunzira kwambiri: kuphunzira zilankhulo zambiri, anaphunzira kusewera lute ndi kuimba.

zaka 10 Atafika ku France Koroleva Mariya Chi ndi Francis anakwatirana. mgwirizano umenewu, chimodzi cha zinthu zimene anali France pa nkhani ya kufala kwa Scotland wopanda mwana Mfumukazi, anakwiyitsa kunyumba kwawo.

Koroleva Mariya Chi ndipo Francis anali pamodzi ndi zaka ziwiri zokha. Pambuyo inalowa ufumu m'dziko 1559 makamaka adzalamulira Ekaterina Medichi, mayi wa mfumu. Ofooka thanzi Francis anafa 1560. imfa atanthauze adzabwerenso Mary Stuart kunyumba.

regency mayi

History of Mfumukazi Mary of Scotland ndi monga buku zomvetsa chisoni. Kuyambira ali wakhanda anakokera mu masewera a ndale a yachifumu, anakhala kunja kwa dziko kwa zaka zambiri ndipo adzalamulira yokha yochepa anakhala zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Masiku amenewo, pamene iye ankakhala mu France, m'malo dziko lake kulamulidwa ndi amake, Mariya De amati. Iyo inali nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa Scotland. Ankaikonda anali wosasangalala ndi mawu a ukwati wa Mfumukazi awo, Achiprotestanti kunadetsa itakula mmene zinachititsa kuti kugawanika pakati pa anthu. mavuto More anawonekera ndi kukwera wachifumu wa England Elizabeth I. Iye anali wapathengo, ndi Mary, Mfumukazi ya Chi, anali bwino kwambiri kuti adzalandira korona wa England. Iwo umapita motere: saletsa ndi Elizabeth kukwera mpando wachifumu, koma osati mwalamulo aleke maufulu ake kwa izo. Koma pamene Maria wachita kuchita zidzolo kwamuyaya kusokoneza ubale wolamulirayo. Iye wavala malaya ake a manja a korona England, kutanthauza kuti ndiye wolowa yovomerezeka.

Umene unayamba pa nthawi iyi Protestant kusintha Scotland anapanga mbali iye amafuna thandizo ku England, ndi Elizabeth I anayambitsa asilikali dziko. Mary, Mfumukazi ya Chi, sakanachitira mwina mayi, chifukwa iwo analibe chochita, ndipo Ekaterina Medichi, amene analamulira France Ndipotu, sanafune kulowa nkhondo ndi Britain.

M'chaka cha 1560 afa Mariya De amati - anali chopunthwitsa wotsiriza kwa chigonjetso chomaliza cha Chiprotestanti ku Scotland. Posakhalitsa afa Francis II.

Homecoming

Mu 1561, Mary Stuart anabwerera ku Scotland. The vuto, amene kugunda mfumukazi 18 wazaka, kunali kovuta. Othandiza mgwirizano ndi France anali okonzeka kuthandiza mu njira iliyonse. Phiko zolimbitsa akanati kunditumiza ku mbali yake pansi pa chikhalidwe cha kuteteza Chiprotestanti ndi lathu kwa rapprochement ndi England. Kwambiri kwakukulu mbali ya apamwamba wa Protestant Mfumukazi anakwiya kwambiri yopuma mwamsanga ndi Chikatolika ndi ukwati wake ndi mmodzi mwa atsogoleri awo - Earl wa Arran. Izi zikachitika, tinali kuchita mosamala kwambiri.

Board ndi ndale

Koroleva Mariya Chi, umene uli osangalatsa kwambiri yonena mu zaka za ulamuliro wake, kukhala osamala. Chiprotestanti iye sanamvere, komanso kubwezeretsa Chikatolika ku dziko sanayese. Inachokera pa chipika zolimbitsa ndi kulemba mu malo ofunika kwambiri pa boma, William Maitland ndi James Stewart, theka m'bale wake. Ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira Anayesa kukonza chiwembu motsutsa izo, koma analephera. Mfumukazi kuboma chipembedzo Protestant, koma osati inasiya kugwirizana ndi Rome. mfundo uku kwabweletsa zotsatira zabwino - mu ulamuliro wa Mary Stuart mu dziko anali ndi bata.

Ngati mavuto m'dziko akanakhoza kumvetsa popanda kukhetsa magazi, mfundo yachilendo anabweretsa mavuto zambiri. Scotland Mfumukazi anakanitsitsa kuvomereza Elizabeth I wolowa yovomerezeka, poganiza kuti ufulu wawo mpando wachifumu English. Palibe m'modzi wa iwo ati apite ku conciliation.

moyo

chithunzi chilichonse wa Mary Stuart, Mfumukazi ya Chi, limanena kuti iye anali mkazi wokongola. Ophunzira pa mkono wake chinakhazikitsidwa. Atamwalira mwadzidzidzi Francis II ndi Mfumukazi kubwerera kunyumba nkhani ya banja lake latsopano linali makamaka pachimake. Anakumana mu 1565 wamng'ono Genriha Styuarta, anagwa mchikondi ndi iye pakuwonana koyamba, ndipo chaka chomwecho anatenga ukwati wawo. Unachititsa amphamvu kusakhutira osati Mfumukazi England, komanso mbali ogwirizana Marii Styuart. ukwati wake zimatanthauza kulephera kwa malamulo a rapprochement ndi England. Dzheyms Styuart anayamba kuukira Mfumukazi, koma iye anatha kupeza thandizo ndipo anatha kuyendetsa achiwembuwo kwa dziko.

Ukwati chachiwiri zinalephereka. Kukhala mediocre wolamulira, Henry anayesa kulanda utsogoleri wa dziko m'manja mwawo, kotero kuti Maria anakaniza. Pang'onopang'ono inakula padera. Mfumukazi kunadetsa anadalira thandizo la mlembi wake Davida Richcho, ndi kubwezera, Henry anakhala mabwenzi Achiprotestanti ndi anatenga gawo mu ciwembu mkazi ndiwotani. Riccio anaphedwa kutsogolo kwa Mfumukazi. Iye amayenera kuchita khama ndiponso kugwirizanitsa ndi mwamuna wake kuwononga chiwembu kuwagonjetsa ake. Koma ubale ndi Henry anali kale asokoneza kwathunthu. Tom osati chinathandiza kuphedwa mwankhanza Riccio, komanso watsopano chizolowezi Mfumukazi - wolimba Earl wa Bothwell. Ndipo pa njira chimwemwe chake chinali mkazi wa. Iye akanakhoza kuzindikira wongobadwa mwana wawo Yakobo wapathengo, ndi kulola kuti n'zosatheka.

Genrih Styuart, Ambuye Darnley anaphedwa kuphulika kwa ufa keg mu nyumba imene iye anali kukhala, ku usiku 8 9 February 1567. Anapezeka akufa m'munda pamene zothaŵa.

Mu mbiri ya Mary nawo chiwembu ndi mwamuna wake amaona maganizo. Darnley ndi adani ena oopsa, koma otchuka mphekesera ananena mfumukazi. Ndipo iye, pazifukwa zina, sanachite kutsimikizira wosalakwa umbanda ndi Scottish. M'malo mwake, mawu akumunena onse, pasanathe mwezi kuchokera imfa ya mwamuna wake anakwatiwa Bothwell.

Kulandidwa

ukwati mopupuluma zinawakumbutsa kulakwitsa mfumukazi. Nthawi yomweyo anataya thandizo lake, ndipo adani ake mwamsanga anapezerapo mwayi pa zimenezi. Kusonkhanitsa mphamvu, iwo anali ndi Mariya ndi mwamuna wake watsopano. asilikali Royal anagonjetsedwa, mfumukazi anagonja, kale kukhala okhoza kuchotsa njira kuti tithawe mwamuna wake. Nyumbayi Lohvelene iye anakakamizika kulemba renunciation mphamvu mtima wa mnyamata.

Thawirani England. Pofuna zinalephereka kupezanso mphamvu

Savomereza ndi olemekezeka anakakamizika kusamutsidwa kwa wolamulira wa dzikoli. Dziko anayamba chisangalalo. Mary, Mfumukazi ya Chi, anali kugwiritsa ntchito izi ndipo anapulumuka m'ndende. Kuyesa adzapezanso mphamvu analephera. asilikali chitsutso anagonjetsedwa ndi kuchotsa mfumukazi anathawira ku England.

Ziwembu ndi Elizabeth I

Mfumukazi ya England anakumana ndi wosakhwima. Kuthandiza magulu ankhondo iwo sakanakhoza kutumiza msuweni mu France, nayenso - Maria yomweyo anayamba kuika patsogolo amanena kuti wachifumu English. Elizabeth anatsegula ndi kufufuza mu zochitika za imfa ya mwamuna wachiwiri wa Mariya ndi nawo lake mmenemo.

Mfumukazi otsutsa anapereka makalata (kupatula ndakatulo yake, anali yabodza), amene ankati anasonyeza kuti iye anadziwa za chiwembu. Chifukwa cha khoti ndipo kachiwiri kunabuka Scotland zipolowe Maria anasiya chiyembekezo adzapezanso mphamvu.

Ali m'ndende, iye anachita mosasamala kwambiri, anayamba lolingana ndi nyumba zina achifumu. Against Elizabeth sanaleke kuyesa kuchepetsa izo kuchokera kumpando wachifumu, ndi Mariya anakhala Woyesana yaikulu izo.

Mlandu ndi kuphedwa Marii Styuart, Mfumukazi ya Chi

Dzinali ndi zimachitika angapo kudzivula conspiracies ndi Elizabeth, koma ankaopa, osati kufika kupita miyeso kwambiri. Only pamene anapeza lokwanira odana ndi mmodzi wa atsogoleri a anachitira chiwembu, Mfumukazi England waganiza bwalo. Iye adatonga Mary Stuart imfa. Elizabeth akhadikhira msuweni wanga lacrimal mapemphero am'chitire, koma sizinathandize.

Mary Stuart, Mfumukazi ya Chi, mbiri ya moyo amene adakali ukulamulira maganizo a mbiri ndi owayimilira luso, anakwera pa scaffold ndi pamaso kuphedwa m'mawa pa zaka 44 8 February 1587. Ndinapitiriza izo n'zosadabwitsa mtima, nakwera pa scaffold, mutu wake zokhazokha. Stefan Tsveyg kwakukuru anafotokoza chilango Mfumukazi mu ntchito yake pa mkazi uyu chodabwitsa.

Scottish Mfumukazi Mary Stuart zaluso

tsoka movutika ndi chilango chankhanza anali gwero la ntchito zambiri luso. Stefan Tsveyg, Friedrich Schiller ndi olemba ena odzipereka ntchito zawo kwa iye. Kuphedwa Marii Styuart, Mfumukazi ya Chi, anali akupereka canvasses ambiri.

The mafilimu a kanema amadziwikanso osati anasiyidwa. Moyo umene panali zokwera ndi zotsika, chikondi ndi chinyengo, chiyembekezo ndi kuperekedwa, kumaonekera mbali ndi zopelekedwa mafilimu.

Dzina la mkazi uyu zapadera kumafuna kwambiri nkhani zopeka. Mu mndandanda watsopano, "The Kingdom," olemba anapitiriza kupotoza bwino mbiri yakale - Koroleva Mariya Chi ndi Sebastian, ndi wapathengo mwana wa Henry II ndi Diane de A Poitiers, apa kuperekedwa monga okonda. Ndipotu ngati khalidwe mbiri sipanayambe.

Mu 2013, izo analengedwa ndi filimu "Mary - Mfumukazi Chi (Scotland)," lomwe limanena za tsogolo chodabwitsa cha wolamulira kubala mbendera pa akorona atatu.