Nthawi ya inertia. Zina mwa makina a zolimba

Chimodzi mwa mfundo zoyambirira za kugwirizana kwa zolimba ndi lamulo la chidziwitso chopangidwa ndi Isaac Newton wamkulu. Ndi lingaliro limeneli, timakumana ndifupipafupi, chifukwa zimakhudza kwambiri zinthu zonse zakuthupi, kuphatikizapo munthu. Momwemonso, kuchuluka kwa thupi monga nthawi ya inertia kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi lamulo lomwe talitchula pamwambapa, kuwonetsa mphamvu ndi nthawi ya zochita zake pa zolimba.

Kuchokera pamakina opangidwa ndi makina, chinthu chilichonse chakuthupi chikhoza kufotokozedwa ngati ndondomeko yosasinthika ndi yosamveka bwino, yomwe imasiyana pakati pawo yomwe imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wawo. Njira yoteroyo imapangitsa kuti izi zikhale zotheka kuwerengera molondola ndi nthawi yapadera ya inertia ya pafupifupi zonse zolimba. Chinthu china chochititsa chidwi apa ndi chakuti chovuta chirichonse, chokhala ndi njira yovuta kwambiri, chikhoza kuwonetsedwa monga chokhacho chosavuta kuchoka mu danga: kusinthasintha ndi kumasulira. Izi zimathandizanso kwambiri moyo wa akatswiri a sayansi kuwerengera za kuchuluka kwa thupi.

Kumvetsetsani kuti nthawi yeniyeni ya inertia ndi yotani komanso zomwe zimakhudza dzikoli ndi zosavuta ndi chitsanzo cha kusintha kwadzidzidzi pa liwiro la galimoto yoyendetsa galimoto (braking). Pachifukwa ichi, mapazi a munthu amene akuyendetsa galimoto pansi amanyamula. Koma motero pa thunthu ndi mutu palibe chikoka chilichonse sichidzapangidwe, chifukwa cha zomwe iwo adzapitiliza kuyenda ndi liwiro lakale. Chifukwa chake, wodutsayo adzadalira kapena kugwa. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, nthawi ya inertia ya mapazi, kutsekedwa ndi mphamvu ya kukangana pansi, idzakhala yochepa kwambiri kuposa mfundo zonse za thupi. Chithunzi chosiyana chidzawonetsedwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa liwiro la galimoto kapena galimoto yamtengo wapatali.

Nthawi ya inertia ikhoza kupangidwa ngati kuchuluka kwa thupi lofanana ndi chiwerengero cha zinthu zapachiyambi (zigawo zomwezo zolimba) pamtunda wautali kuchokera pazowunikira. Izi zimachokera ku tanthawuzo ili kuti khalidwe ili ndizowonjezera zowonjezera. Mwachidule, nthawi ya inertia ya thupi la thupi ndi ofanana ndi zizindikiro za zizindikiro zake zofanana: J = J ₁ + J ₂ + J ₃ + ...

Chizindikiro ichi cha matupi ovuta a geometry amapezeka kuyesa. Tiyenera kuganizira zinthu zambiri zosiyana, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa chinthucho, chomwe chingakhale chosasemphana pa mfundo zosiyana, chomwe chimapanga kusiyana kotchedwa misala mu zigawo zosiyana za thupi. Choncho, maulamuliro abwino si abwino pano. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi ya inertia ya mphete yomwe imakhala ndi malo enaake ozungulira, okhala ndi mizere yoyendayenda yomwe imadutsa pakati pake, ikhoza kuwerengedwa ndi njira yotsatirayi: J = mR ² . Koma mwa njira iyi sikungatheke kuwerengera mtengo uwu kuti uwuluke, mbali zonse zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana.

Ndipo nthawi ya inertia ya mpira wa chiopsezo chokhazikika ndi yofanana imatha kuwerengedwera ndi ndondomekoyi: J = 2 / 5mR ² . Powerenga chiwerengero cha matupiwa pokhudzana ndi mizere iwiri yozungulira, chinthu china chimayambitsidwa muyeso - mtunda pakati pa nkhwangwa, yotchulidwa ndi kalata a. Mzere wachiwiri woyendayenda umatchulidwa ndi kalata L. Mwachitsanzo, fomuyi ingakhale ndi fomu lotsatira: J = L + ma ² .

Kuyesera mwakuya pa kuphunzira kwa kuyendayenda kosayendayenda kwa thupi ndi chiyanjano chawo choyamba chinapangidwa ndi Galileo Galilei pampando wa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri ndi khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Iwo analola wasayansi wamkulu, yemwe anali patsogolo pa nthawi yake, kukhazikitsa lamulo lofunikira pa kutetezedwa ndi matupi a thupi la mpumulo kapena kayendedwe kaulendo koyang'ana pa Dziko lapansi popanda kuthandizidwa kwa matupi ena pa iwo. Chilamulo cha inertia chinali chiyambi chokhazikitsa mfundo zoyendetsera makina, ngakhale kuti sichidziwika bwino, chosadziwika komanso chosadziwika. Pambuyo pake, Newton, kupanga malamulo onse a kuyenda kwa matupi, kuphatikizapo chiwerengero chawo ndi lamulo la inertia.