Old Russian mabuku - ndichiyani? Ntchito za mabuku Old Russian

Old Russian mabuku - ndichiyani? Ntchito 11-17 zaka sakuphatikizapo ntchito zolembalemba, komanso malemba mbiri (Mbiri nkhani ndi mbiri yakale) Kufotokozera (otchedwa kuyenda), amakhala (nkhani za moyo wa oyera mtima), ulaliki, makalata, zitsanzo za mtundu wanyimbo makupeka, komanso malemba ena amanena malonda. Mitu ya mabuku Old Russia, monga momwe mukuonera, ali wolemera kwambiri. Zonse ndi mfundo za kuyatsa maganizo moyo, luso.

analembadi

Mu sukulu, ophunzira kuphunzira zimene Old Russian mabuku, fotokozani mfundo zofunikira. Iwo mwina mukudziwa kuti ambiri a ntchito za thupi nthawi imeneyi, popanda otsala mayina pachiyambi. Literature of Ancient Lazaro kwakukulukulu anonymous choncho akufanana ndi m'kamwa wowerengeka luso. malemba zinalembedwa ndi dzanja ndipo anagawira kudzera m'makalata - mmwamba, ndi chifukwa kuti nthawi zambiri reworked kuti agwirizane ndi latsopano zokonda zolembalemba, mmene nkhani zandale, komanso mogwirizana ndi luso mabuku ndi zokonda kukopera. Choncho, mankhwala anabwera kwa ife mu Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana ndipo Mabaibulo. The kusanthula poyerekeza wa iwo amathandiza ofufuza m'maulendo ake mbiri ya chipilala ndi kunena zomwe mungachite ali pafupi ndi gwero lake, lemba la wolemba, komanso mme- mbiri ya kusintha kwake.

Nthawizina, mu nthawi zina kwambiri, tili ndi mwayi zokopela ndipo kawirikawiri m'mabuku kenako angapezeke pafupi ndi manda choyambirira mabuku Old Russia. Choncho, iwo ayenera kuphunzira pamaziko a mungachite zonse zilipo ntchito. Zilipo lalikulu mzinda malaibulale, zakale ndi akale. malemba ambiri zasungidwa ambiri mndandanda, ena - mu zochepa. Osasunga anapereka, mwachitsanzo, "nthano watsoka ndi matsoka," "Malangizo" Vladimir Monomakh, "Lay."

"Etiquette" ndi repeatability

Tikumbukenso mbali mabuku akale monga repeatability mu malemba ena okhudzana panyengo zosiyanasiyana makhalidwe ena, zochitika, adjectives, mafanizo ena. Ntchito chibadidwe mu zodyera otchedwa: ngwazi za khalidwe kapena amachita mwanjira ina, chifukwa amatsatira mfundo za nthawi yawo mmene zinthu zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo zochitika (mwachitsanzo, nkhondo) akufotokozedwa ndi a mitundu okhazikika ndi zithunzi.

Literature m'ma 10

Tipitirize kulankhula zimene mabuku Old Russia. Osonyeza mfundo zazikulu, ngati mukuopa kuiwala chinachake. Literature of Ancient Lazaro otchuka, wapadera chikhalidwe. magwero amatanthauza m'ma 10, yeniyeni mapeto ake pamene, pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity ngati chipembedzo cha boma mu Russia anayamba kuoneka mbiri ndi boma malemba olembedwa Chisilavo Chakale cha Tchalitchi. Kudzera intermediation Bulgaria (umene unali gwero la mankhwala amenewa) Ancient Lazaro adachimanga mabuku anayamba Byzantine ndi kum'mwera Asilavo. Ang'onoang'ono boma kutsogoleredwa ndi Kiev kukhazikitsa zofuna zawo kuti kukhazikitsa malemba awo, kulowa Mitundu latsopano. Mothandizidwa ndi mabuku anakonza maphunziro wakutemwa, pabvomelezo la mgwirizano ndale ndi mbiri ya anthu ndi akalonga wakale, ukali wawo nkhondo.

Literature 11 - oyambirira 13 zaka.

Mitu ndi ntchito za mabuku a nthawi ino (nkhondo ndi Polovtsy ndi Pechenegs - adani zakunja nkhani aya za mbiri Russian ndi kulimbana lonse ufumu wa Kiev akalonga, mbiri ya boma) anatsimikiza chikhalidwe cha kalembedwe nthawi, imene D. S. Lihachev wotchedwa historicism chadzaoneni. Mbiri zikamera m'dziko lathu chikugwirizana ndi chiyambi cha mabuku Russian.

Onaninso mankhwala, amene angapezeke mu buku "Old Russian mabuku" (kalasi 6). Izi "nthano ya makedzana Zaka" imene watsikira kwa ife kukhala mbali ya mbiri ina. Chinali chitalembedwa publicist ndi mmonke Nestor mbiri m'ma 1113. Pa mtima za nkhaniyi ndi amafotokoza oyambirira, omwe sanapulumuke. Chitsanzo "Old Russian mabuku" (kalasi 6) Kumaphatikizaponso mankhwala wina chidwi nthawi - "Bakuman wa Kozhemyako".

zana la 11

Ming'oma woyamba miyoyo atumwi Theodosius Pechersky, Boris ndi Gleb. Iwo yodziwika ndi chidwi mavuto a lero, ungwiro zolembalemba, nyonga.

Wakutemwa, kukhwima wa ganizo ndale, journalistic ndi mkulu luso la zipilala oratory amalembedwa "Chiphunzitso pa Chilamulo ndi Chisomo," lolembedwa ndi Hilarion mu zoyambirira za m'ma 11, "Mawu ndi ziphunzitso za" Kirilla Turovskogo (1130-1182 gg.). "Malangizo" Grand Prince wa Kiev Vladimir Monomakh, amene ankakhala nthawi kuchokera 1053 ndi 1125., zinapatsira ndi anthu kwambiri ndiponso kuganizira za tsogolo la dziko.

"Ikani"

Ndi silikukambapo za ntchito imeneyi n'zosapeŵeka mukamalankhula za nkhaniyi ndi Old Russian mabuku. Kodi "Ikani?" Izi ndi ntchito yaikulu ya Russia wakale, analengedwa ndi woyambitsa osadziwika mu 80s kwa zaka za m'ma 12. lemba limeneli zoyenera mutu yeniyeni - ndi kampeni zinalephereka mu steppe Polovtsian mu 1185 Prince Igorya Svyatoslavovicha. Mlembi ali ndi chidwi osati za tsogolo la dziko Russian, iye anati zochitika za pano ndi za m'mbuyomu, chotero ngwazi woona "Mawu" - ayi, Igor ndi Svyatoslav, amenenso analipira kwambiri chidwi ntchito, ndi dziko Russian, anthu - chinachake pa ozikidwa Old Russian mabuku. "Mawu" ambiri a makhalidwe kugwirizana ndi miyambo Nkhani ya nthawi yake. Koma, monga mwa ntchito iliyonse namatetule, lili mbali pachiyambi, akuwonetseredwa mu kuukonza rhythmic, kuchuluka kwa chilankhulo cha ntchito njira khalidwe la nthano ndi rethinking, pathos boma ndi lyricism.

National-kukonda kwambiri dziko lathu

Zimautsa pa Tartar goli (kuchokera 1243 mpaka m'ma 15 mochedwa) Old Russian mabuku. wakutemwa Kodi ntchito nthawi imeneyi? Tiyeni tiyese funso limeneli. Kalembedwe yaikulu historicism amapeza wina limaonetseratu nuance: malemba amasiyana lyricism, ndi zomvetsa chisoni pathos. Lingaliro la amphamvu chapakati mphamvu kalonga likulowa mu nthawi lofunika kwambiri. Mu nkhani ndi mbiri (mwachitsanzo, mu "The nthano ya Chionongeko cha Ryazan Batu") limanena za zoopsa za nkhondo ya mdani ndi kumenyana mtima motsutsa opondereza a anthu Russian. Izi owonetseredwa wakutemwa. Chifaniziro cha Earth Woteteza, kalonga abwino anasonyeza bwino kwambiri olembedwa mu 70s wa 13 m'ma ntchito "The Life of Alexander Nevsky".

Owerenga "nthano za Kusakaza wa Russian dziko" chithunzi akutsegula ukulu wa chilengedwe, akalonga a mphamvu. Ntchito imeneyi - chabe mpukutu zilipo osati mawu kwathunthu. Iwo ali odzipereka kwa zochitika zoyambirira za m'ma 13 - nthawi ya Tartar goli lolemera.

kalembedwe latsopano: limaonetseratu ndi maganizo

Mu nthawi 14-50-ntchentche. m'ma 15 zikusintha Old Russian mabuku. ndi limaonetseratu ndi maganizo kalembedwe kuti anatuluka pa nthawi imeneyi? Amasonyeza malingaliro ndi zochitika za mayanjano padziko Moscow kumpoto kum'mawa Russia ndi mapangidwe a centralized boma Russian. Ndiye mabuku anayamba kuchita chidwi munthu, ndi kuwerenga maganizo a anthu ndi dziko mumtima wauzimu (ngakhale kokha mkati mwa chimango cha chikumbumtima achipembedzo). Izi zapangitsa kuti akuchuluka mu ntchito ya chiyambi zotengera malingaliridwe.

Ndipo latsopano kalembedwe - limaonetseratu ndi maganizo, imene tisaiwale kudziŵa wapakamwa ndi "kuluka mawu" (kutanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito prose yokongola). njira zatsopano zinalengedwa kusonyeza chikhumbo cha chifaniziro cha malingaliro a munthu.

Mu theka lachiwiri la 15 - m'ma 16. pali nkhani imene inalembedwa kumbuyo mu nkhani zawo kwa khalidwe novelistic nkhani m'kamwa ( "The nthano za Malonda Basarge", "Mbiri ya Dracula" ndi ena). N'zochititsa chidwi kuchuluka chiwerengero cha ntchito anawamasulira khalidwe zopeka, sizachilendo panthawi imeneyo ndi nthano mtundu wanyimbo (mwachitsanzo, "The nthano za Akalonga a Vladimir").

"The nthano ya Peter ndi Fevronia"

Monga tanena ntchito mabuku Old Russian ndi kubwereka zina za nthano. Cha m'ma 16 m'ma Ermolai Erasmus, wokalamba Russian ndi mtolankhani komanso wolemba, kulenga wotchuka "nthano ya Peter ndi Fevronia" imene ili limodzi mwa mabuku kwambiri mabuku Russian. Bukuli lili ndi nthano za mmene chifukwa cha nzeru wamba wake wamkazi anakhala wolemekezeka. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala a zidule chadzaoneni, phokoso ndi zolinga chikhalidwe.

Zochita za mabuku m'ma 16

M'zaka za m'ma 16 chikhalidwe cha ku malemba kumatheka, wakuti mabuku amakhala chofunika ndi chimwambo. Common ndi ntchito zotero, cholinga chimene - lamulo la moyo ndale, chikhalidwe, malamulo, ndipo tsiku ndi tsiku. A chitsanzo chapadera - "Great Oyera Lives", ndi buku la malemba, wopangidwa mwa mabuku 12, amene ankafuna nyumba kuwerenga mwezi uliwonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo amalenga "Domostroy" akufotokoza malamulo a khalidwe mu banja amatipatsa malangizo pa kuzipinda zogona, komanso okhudza pakati pa anthu. The mbiri nyengo kunadetsa wafala Kutulukira kukapanga nkhani nkhani zimasangalatsa.

m'ma 17

Ntchito za mabuku Old Russia kwa zaka za m'ma 17 kusandulika kwambiri. Iwo amayamba otchedwa luso la nthawi yatsopano. Ndi njira ya democratization, kuwonjezera ntchito lathu. Iwo kusintha udindo wa umunthu mu zikomo mbiri ya zochitika wamba nkhondo (mochedwa 16 -. Oyambirira 17 c), komanso Nthawi ya Mavuto. Machitidwe Borisa Godunova, Ivana Groznogo, Vasiliya Shuyskogo ndi zithunzi zina za mbiri yakale anafotokoza mwa chifuniro tsopano osati la Mulungu, komanso makhalidwe a umunthu wa aliyense wa iwo. Pali wapadera mtundu wanyimbo - Democratic Zotengera amene chipongwe Mpingo ndi anthu, Kuthi malamulo (mwachitsanzo, "A nthano za Shemyakin khoti"), zachipembedzo mchitidwe ( "Kalyazin M'pempheni").

"Moyo," Habakuku, nkhani banja

M'zaka za m'ma 17 kwalembedwa autobiographical ankakhala nthawi kuchokera 1620 mpaka zaka 1682. Avvakum - "Moyo." Iwo anafotokoza m'buku lakuti "Old Russian mabuku" (kalasi 9). Mbali A lemba la wolemera, tikuyamba chinenero, chitachitika tsiku ndi tsiku, wamtali bookcase.

Nthawi imeneyi, olengedwa ndi nkhani tsiku ndi tsiku Frol Skobeyev, Sawa Grudtsyn ndi ena, kusonyeza khalidwe chapadera ndi mabuku Old Russia. Pali anawamasulira kusonkhanitsa nkhani yochepa ndi mabuku a chivalry. Mpatuko Prosody (kudziwika olemba - Sylvester Medvedev, Simeon Polotskits, Carion Istomin).

m'ma 17 anamaliza mbiri ya mabuku akale, ndipo apo pakubwera gawo lotsatira - mabuku a masiku ano.