Pamene anapeza America? Mbiri ya Kupezeka kwa America. Chaka Kupezeka kwa America

Chaka Kupezeka kwa America tinganene kuti kunasintha moyo wa Europe. Atamva kuli kontinenti latsopano, anthu ambiri anayamba kupita pa cruises kuti mukaone magawo atsopano, kuyesa kuti adziwe iwo.

Columbus anatulukira America

chaka Wofufuzayo Spanish anatsegula malo atsopano mu mbiriyakale amatchedwa 1492-TH. Ndipo madera ena onse a North America, mwachitsanzo, zigawo Alaska ndi Pacific gombe kale anapeza n'kuona chiyambi cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Izo ziyenera kuti amathandiza zofunika kuphunzira Africa ndipo anabweretsa apaulendo ku Russia.

kuloŵerera

History of atulukira North America ndi chidwi kwambiri: akhoza ngakhale kutchedwa mwangozi. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lakhumi Spanish wofufuza Hristofor Kolumb ndi ulendo wake anafika kugombe la North America. Komabe, iye ankaganiza kuti iye anali mu India. Kuyambira nthawi imene yayambira nthawi imeneyo America linatsegulidwa ndipo anayamba chitukuko ndi kafukufuku. Koma ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti tsiku zolakwika, ponena kuti atulukira kontinenti latsopano zinachitika kale kwambiri.

Mu chaka chimene anapeza America?

Chaka Columbus anatulukira America - 1492-TH - osati yeniyeni tsiku. Iwo likukhalira kuti wofufuza Spanish anali akalambula, ndi omwe - osati munthu. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi Normandy anayenda pano pambuyo anapeza Greenland. Komabe, iwo yolowera dziko latsopano analephera, chifukwa iwo amaipidwa mavuto nyengo ya kumpoto m'dzikoli. Komanso, Normandy komanso mantha mtunda kuchokera Africa latsopano la Europe.

Malinga ndi ena, Africa anapeza amalinyero wakale - Afoinike. Ena mwa magwero a nthawi, pamene anapeza America, wotchedwa pakati woyamba Zakachikwi BC, monga apainiya - Chinese. Komabe, Baibulo ili analibenso umboni woonekera.

Iwo ankaona mudziwe zambiri zokhudza nthawi imene Scandinavia anapeza America. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi Norman ndi Bjarni Heryulfsonom Leif Eriksson Helluland anapezeka - "mwala", Markland - "Forest" ndi Vinland - "mpesa" a dziko lapansi, amene amadziŵika ndi m'nthawi ya Labrador Peninsula.

Pali umboni kuti ngakhale Columbus m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, Africa kumpoto anafika Bristol ndi Cantabrian asodzi, amene dzina chilumba Brazil. Komabe, nyengo ya Maulendo awa kuti sitinganene kuti ndi wofunika kwambiri pa mbiri pamene anapeza America kwenikweni, T. E. Kodi limasonyeza kuti kontinenti latsopano.

Columbus - mpainiya weniweni

Komabe, atafunsidwa zimene chaka anapeza America, akatswiri zambiri amatchedwa m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, kapena kani kutha. Ndipo woyamba amene anachita izo, monga Columbus. nthawi pamene anapeza America, chinachitikira ndi mbiri pa nthawi imene ku Ulaya anayamba kufalitsa malingaliro za mawonekedwe dziko lapansi, kuzungulira ndi kuthekera kwa anthu India kapena China njira Western, ndiyo nyanja ya Atlantic Ocean. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti njira iyi ndi lalifupi kwambiri kuposa kum'mawa. Choncho, polingalira za okhawo Chipwitikizi pa ulamuliro wa South Atlantic, chifukwa Alkasovasskim mgwirizano mu 1479, Spain, kuyesetsa nthaŵi zonse kulankhula mwachindunji ndi maiko, werera ulendo wa Columbus Genoese kuyenda panyanja kulowera kumadzulo.

kukondwerera kutsegula

Hristofor Kolumb kuyambira ali chidwi madera, masamu ndi zakuthambo. Kuyambira ndili mwana anali nawo Maulendo m'madzi, anapita pafupifupi m'nyanja imeneyo. Columbus anakwatira mwana wamkazi wa woyendetsa Chipwitikizi, imene nako mapu ndi kuonanso nthawi ya Henry ndi kuyenda panyanja. The anatulukira tsogolo la iwo ankaphunzira. chikonzero chake chinali kupeza njira nyanja ku India, koma osati sitinadzere mwa Africa, ndipo mwachindunji ku America. Monga akatswiri - m'nthawi yake, Columbus ankakhulupirira kuti, ndi apita kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, kudzakhala kotheka kuti akafike pa gombe kum'mawa kwa Asia - anthu m'madera pali India ndi China. Komabe, iye sankadziwa ngakhale kuti njira amakumana Africa yense, mpaka ndiye kudziwika kwa azungu. Koma izo zinachitika. Ndipo kuyambira nthawi imeneyo ndipo amachokera ku mbiri ya Kupezeka kwa America.

Maulendowa loyamba

Columbus zombo woyamba ananyamuka ku doko Palosskoy wachitatu mu August 1492. Panali atatu. Kwa Islands Canary ulendo anapita ndithu modekha: Tambasula Izi msewu anali panyanjawa kale kudziwika. Koma posachedwapa kuti ali nyanja yaikulu. Pang'onopang'ono anthu anayamba kukhumudwa ndi kukweza ndi kudandaula. Koma Columbus anatha chotheka pofuna kusangalatsa osaweruzika, kuwathandiza chiyembekezo. Posakhalitsa anayamba kuoneka zizindikiro - harbingers m'dziko pafupi: osadziwika mbalameyo inawuluka, tidapita nthambi za mitengo. Pambuyo pake, ulendo zisanu ndi sabata, magetsi usiku, ndipo pamene m'mbandakucha pamaso amalinyero anatsegula wobiriwira kwabasi chilumba, onse ataphimbidwa ndi zomera. Columbus anafika pa gombe, iye ananena ndi chuma dziko la Spanish korona. Pachilumbachi dzina lake San Salvador, ndiye Mpulumutsi. Icho chinali chimodzi cha zidutswa ang'onoang'ono a dziko a Bahamas kapena Lukaysky zilumba.

Lapansi, pamene pali golide

Chikalatacho - mtendere ndi zabwino-chikhalidwe mbuli. Atazindikira dyera m'chombo ku zokongoletsera zagolide kuti Anapachikidwa pakati mbadwa mu mphuno ndi makutu zizindikiro anauzidwa kuti kum'mwera ndi dziko ali kwenikweni zonse za golide. Ndipo Columbus linaposa. Mu chaka chomwecho anatsegula Cuba, omwe, ngakhale iwo anatenga ku Chile, yeniyeni, chifukwa gombe kum'mawa kwa Asia, komanso analengeza njuchi Spanish. Kuchokera ulendo uno, kutembenuzira kum'mawa, ankadalira Haiti. Pankhaniyi njira yonse Spain anakumana mbuli amene simuli okonzeka kusintha zodzikongoletsera zawo golide kwa mikanda yosavuta galasi ndi zokongoletsera zina, komanso mowirikiza ananena malangizo kum'mwera, akafunsidwa zitsulo wapatali kwambiri. Pa Hispaniola, amene Columbus dzina lake Hispaniola, kapena Little Spain, anamanga linga yaing'ono.

kubwerera

Pamene zombo nakocheza pa doko Palosskoy, anthu onse anapita ku gombe kudzakumana nawo ulemu wonse. mwachisomo kwambiri anatenga Columbus ndi Ferdinand ndi Isabella. Uthenga wa Mipukutu ya ku New World kufalitsa kudya kwambiri, mofulumira kupita ndi wofunitsitsa kupita kumeneko pamodzi ndi anatulukira lapansi. Pa nthawi imeneyo ku Ulaya sanadziwe zimene America anatulukira ndi Hristofor Kolumb.

ulendo wachiwiri

Mbiri ya Kupezeka kwa North America, amene unayambitsidwa mu 1492, anapitiriza. Kuchokera September 1493 pa June 1496 anali wachiwiri mzere ulendo Genoese kuyenda panyanja. Chifukwa, Virgin ndi zotchedwa Windward Islands ankagwidwa, kuphatikizapo Antigua, Dominica, Nevis, Montserrat, Saint Kitts ndi Puerto Rico ndi Jamaica. The Spain anakakhala pansi pa dziko la Haiti, kuwapanga maziko ake ndipo anamanga mu gawo kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa mpanda wolimba wa San Domingo. Mu 1497th pampikisano iwo, analowa English, nayenso, akuyesera kuti apeze kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Asia. Mwachitsanzo, Cabot Genoese pansi mbendera English anapeza chilumba cha Newfoundland ndipo ndi nkhani zina, anabwera pafupi kwambiri ku gombe North America: mu Labrador ndi Nova Scotia. Choncho British anayamba maziko a ulamuliro wake mu dera la North America.

Wachitatu ndi wachinayi ulendo

Inayamba mu May 1498 ndipo inatha mu November 1500. Chifukwa, anatulukira chilumba cha Trinidad ndi m'kamwa mwa Orinoco. Mu August 1498 ku Columbus woyamba anafika pa gombe ndi kale mu America South pa Paria Peninsula, ndi Spain 1499th anafika kugombe la Guiana ndi Venezuela, ndiyeno - Brazil ndi m'kamwa mwa Amazon. Ndipo otsiriza - wachinayi - kuyenda kuchokera May 1502 kuti November 1504 Columbus linatsegulidwa kale America Central. zombo wake anadutsa kugombe la Honduras ndi Nicaragua, afika ku Costa Rica ndipo Panama ku Gulf of Darién.

kontinenti latsopano

Mu chaka chomwecho yapamadzi wina - Amerigo Vespucci, maulendowa kumene kunachitika pansi mbendera Chipwitikizi, komanso kufufuza gombe Brazil. Kukwanilitsa Cape wa Cananea, iye anaika patsogolo pa amanena kuti dziko lapansi kuti Columbus anatulukira - si China, ndipo ngakhale India, koma kontinenti zatsopano. lingaliro iri linatsimikizidwa pambuyo pa ulendo oyamba padziko lonse, anachita F. Magellan. Komabe, mosiyana ndi mfundo za Africa latsopano lidatsirizika dzina America - m'malo mwa Vespucci.

Komabe, pali ena zifukwa kukhulupirira kuti kontinenti latsopano unatchedwa woyang'anira Richard Bristol America kuchokera ku England, amene ndalama za transatlantic ulendo wachiwiri wa John Cabot mu 1497, Amerigo Vespucci ndipo pambuyo pake anatenga dzina la ulemu la Africa otchedwa. Pofuna kutsimikizira mfundo imeneyi, ofufuza umboni zomwe Cabot anafika ku gombe la Labrador, zaka ziwiri izi zisanachitike, choncho anakhala yololedwa mwalamulo la European woyamba popondapo phazi pa nthaka American.

Mu zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, Zhak Karte, ndi French wofufuza, anafika ku gombe la Canada, kupereka malo dzina lake panopa.

khama ena

Kukula kwa Africa la North America anapitiriza ofufuza monga John Davis, dzina lake Aleksandr Makenzi, Genri Gudzon ndi William Baffin. Ndi kuyamika kafukufuku wawo ndi South America wakhala anaphunzira pansi kwa Pacific gombe.

Komabe, mbiri amadziwa kwambiri maina ena amalinyero amene anapita nthaka US pamaso Columbus. Izi Shen Hui - Thai mmonke amene anapita kudera m'zaka za zana lachisanu, Abubakar - ndi Sultan wa Mali, amene anapita gombe US m'nthawi ya cinai, ndi Earl wa Orkney de A Saint-Clair, ndi Chinese kafukufuku Chzhee Ho, Chipwitikizi João Korterial etc ...

Koma, ngakhale zonse, kuti Hristofor Kolumb ndi munthu amene atulukira kuti ndithudi mukopedwe zonse m'mbiri ya anthu.

zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi nthawi pamene zombo kuti anapeza America kuyenda panyanja, woyamba mapu Hrs m'dzikoli anali wasenza. Mlembi wake anali Martin Valdzeemyuller. Today iye, pokhala chuma cha laibulale ya Congress wa United States, awasungira mu Washington.