Pavlovskaya kusintha kwa 1991: amachititsa, zotsatira

Ambiri kukumbukira zimene chaka kusintha Pavlovian zinachititsa kuti impoverishment chomaliza cha anthu Soviet. Nthawi zambiri dzina la woyamba ndi zoona, nduna yaikulu lotsiriza la Soviet Union. Tiyeni tione zina zimene tingachite kusintha Pavlovian cha 1991: amachititsa, masiteji, zotsatira za kusintha.

Zimene zikuchitika ku dziko

Kuyambira mu 1991 kanthu wabwino lidzangowonongeka Soviet Union zinalibe zikwangwani. Kunja kwa mzinda wa pafupipafupi kusiyana ndi dziko yapakati-mafuko a masitolo anali ochepa padziko lonse wa anthu anafola mwa queues yaitali. Economic kusintha Gorbachev anabwera kanthu kutsogolera kukonzanso sanali kutenga malo. boma anayesa kusuntha kuchokera wopita ku msika nkhani zachuma. Komabe, institutionally boma sanali wokonzeka ichi - m'dziko analibe anthu zofunikira ndi boma. Namtindi wa anthu sanathe kupereka okwanira kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi katundu mafakitale. Anthu anazolowera maalumali kanthu. The okha zinthu zosangalatsa pa nthawi - khola malipiro a wodzichepetsa malipiro. Ndithudi, boma anazindikira kuti mukayamba kuti am'manga ndi ndalama ntchito, mudzasangalala zionetsero misa. Ndipo boma limeneli sikukanatheka kutero. Anthu azungu sanafune kuti wambirimbiri chuma. Chiwerengero cha Soviet Union ntchito kumvera, kusowa, kudzipatula. Aliyense anakhala ndi moyo kuyambira tsiku lolandila malipiro kwa tsiku lolandila malipiro, wofunitsitsa kuti kusamalira mabanja awo mu mankhwala oyamba malo lachiwiri - nyumba. Malinga prof. Volchik chikhalidwe analipo owonjezera okwanira ndalama wabwino accruing mabungwe osokonekera anakonza akafuna kasamalidwe. Kosagwirizana ndi wachisokonezo kusintha anawononga dongosolo centralized, koma sanali zimathandiza kuti mapangidwe msika njira zolimbana ndi mabungwe.

Chifukwa Pavlovian kusintha inayamba mu 1991?

Ndalama dziko, panali anthu ambiri. Komabe, mu zochitika mavuto, iwo nthawi zonse devalued ndipo inasanduka pepala zinyalala wopusa. The chifukwa boma ankatchedwa polimbana banknotes achinyengo "oponyedwa ku mayiko ena." Komanso boma anaganiza kuti mupewe ndi ndalama unearned. Chotero mawu a zifukwa anali kwambiri bwino ndi mfundo Soviet. Mwamseri, zinaonekeratu kuti chinsinsi cholinga - kuwonongedwa kwa banknotes, osindikizidwa mu 80s mochedwa. kuchita sotsgaranty atasunga anthu ndipo umatithandiza kuchepa kwa mankhwala ogula.

kusintha kulinganiza

kusintha anakhala wolemba Valentin Pavlov, 53 wazaka "othandiza ntchito ya boma bizinesi", Nduna ya Zachuma. Kuyambira mu 1986, iye Boma Komiti ya USSR pa mitengo. Choncho, sadadziwa maganizo, koma vuto lenileni. Pavlov anali atayamba kale kufunafuna njira zosiyanasiyana achire ndalama kwa anthu, katundu unsecured. Agwilitse unduna mu July 1989, iye nthawi zonse kuganizira za ganizo la kusintha. Malinga ndi cholinga chake, kusintha m'gulu osati kuchotsa ndalama owonjezera, komanso amathandiza kuti kuchuluka kwa mitengo, kutenga nkhani mtengo wa utumiki ndi katundu.

chimasintha options

Pavlovskaya ndalama kusintha mu 1991 anasonyeza mfundo zochepa. Ena mwa iwo anali anthu amene anali kale ntchito m'mayiko ena. Amenewa anayamba ndi mfundo mwachilungamo paradoxical. Mwachitsanzo, ngati njira imodzi anali oyamba a "ndalama kufanana" kutsatira chitsanzo cha zidutswa golide 20-ntchentche. Koma kupezeka si ndalama. Lingaliro lina ankagwira Kulipira confiscatory popanda banknotes kuwombola akale ndi limagwirira ngongole lamulo la umuna. kusinthika kotereku kunachitika mu 1948 mu German Chancellor Adenauer. Chifukwa anali pafupi inathetsedwa ndi "akatangale." Panali china, kukondera, amene akanakhoza kupita pa kusintha Pavlovian mu 1991. Ndalama, malipiro amene amaganiza mu chimango cha kuchuluka mosamalitsa amodzi makamaka sanali anthu. Komabe, kasamalidwe adzatenge kuuzana ndalama dziko ndi kusintha lonse. Pankhaniyi, ndi wosamasula kuti ndalama owonjezera kuchuluka mosamalitsa kumatanthauza. mtumiki kunena khalidwe la othamanga ya kusintha kuti ndalama sali pa gawo, ndi "makapisozi dzira" kapena anthu alibe nthawi, kapena sangakhoze pochitika kwathunthu. Utumiki Finance mosakayikira kuti ambiri mwa anthu malipilo zochepa kupulumutsa kanthu, ndi kusunga yekha "anthu mwachinyengo" ali mu zipembedzo zazikulu chisa dzira.

kulungamitsidwa masinthidwe

Pavlovskaya kusintha kwa 1991 ndipo anavomereza ndi Gorbachev. Chifukwa chaichi kunali koyenera zifukwa. Pavlov ntchito njira yaitali odziwika. M'chaka cha 1990, akadandaule chifukwa cha dzina la Gorbachev ndi Ryzhkov chinsinsi cholemba. Mmenemo mtumiki anafotokoza kufunika kusinthitsa okha 50 100 ruble zolemba mu 1961. chakuti iwo ndi buku yaikulu zimagulitsidwa kunja. Ryzhkov, pokhala pa nthawi imeneyo wapampando wa Bungwe la Atumiki anapempha kutsimikizira kwa akuluakulu miyambo. Pali inanena kuti malire ndi zambiri kuwoloka khumi ngongole osati mazana. Zokambirana anayamba zinachititsa Ryzhkov anachotsedwa. Gorbachev, mofulumira kutaya kutchuka pakati misa, ankafunika munthu amene angatenge udindo mapazi yotsatira. Pavlov mwangwiro yoti udindo umenewu. January 14, 1991 candidacy wake anali kulandila positi nduna yaikulu.

Buku nduna

Pavlov anayamba ntchito ngati nduna yaikulu ndi kusocheretsa anthu. Ndi Tribune mkulu, iye anawatsimikizira kuti palibe pokonzekera kukonza tsogolo sikuti ikuchitika. Iye ananena kuti kusintha ndalama - mbali chabe ya uthunthu wonse wa zinthu zimene kuganizira kuchira zachuma. Wakutali atagwira ndalama kusintha popanda pothetsa mavuto ena ndi tanthauzo, chifukwa sichichititsa zotsatira. Komanso, nduna adati kusintha kwa chuma ndalama biliyoni 5 rubles. Ndipo anawauza kuti mapeto a mawu ake zinalili pa nthawi kupanga mphamvu ya banknotes adzalola kudziunjikira kuchuluka Napempha kwa banknotes latsopano pasanathe zaka zitatu.

Chisangalalo pakati pa anthu

nzika Soviet, wachita kale anazolowera opyoza kasamalidwe maganizo ndi bwino anamvetsa akamanena za chuma msika, koma anamva tsenga aliyense yakuda ya chipani. Munthu woyamba dziko wasiya ntchito chidaliro lililonse. Information za kusintha adziwitse seeped KUDZERA MWA ABWENZI, kotero nzika zina kusintha awo "mazana" ndi "ndalama zasiliva" pasadakhale. Madzulo a likulengeza za nzeru anthu akhala nthawi "kusintha" ndalama pa okwerera sitima ndi yapansi, masitolo, madalaivala takisi. Komabe, izi "mwayi" anali unit. Onse amaganiziridwa kusintha, koma palibe amene anadziwa pamene kapena mmene kuchitikira. kusintha tsogolo takambirana kulikonse: mu zoyendera mayunivesite, minda, makampani, asilikali. Koma ambiri anabwera kuchokera ku mbali imodzi kunena kuti "kupulumutsa zoona, palibe", ndi pa zina - ". Kubera mulimonse"

Pavlovskaya kusintha ndalama: kusuntha "kanthu"

January 22, Gorbachev zinasaina lamulo, malinga ndi zimene achoka makope 50 zolemba 100 ruble mu 1961. ndipo umasinthanitsidwa zolemba zatsopano ang'onoang'ono. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo anayamba kusintha Pavlovian cha 1991. Ndalama anthu anali maganyu. Kusinthana kwa ndalama kuchuluka kwa mpaka 1 zikwi. Pakani. Anatulutsa masiku atatu okha - pa 23 ndi 25 January (Lachitatu kuti Friday). Pankhaniyi, withdrawals zinali zochepa kuti rubles 500 Sberbank. Kusinthanitsa linathera lisanathe March, koma anatuma wapadera. Iwo ankaona kulikonse akusowa tsiku lomalizira la padera. Pa nthawi yomweyo nzika kuuzidwa kumene muli kuchuluka kwa kuposa 1 zikwi. Lamuloli pulezidenti werengani pa 9 koloko, pafupifupi mabungwe onse salinso ntchito. Nzika wanzeru kwambiri mantha anayamba ndalama zawo. Wina anathamangira translation, wina anagula angapo matikiti kwa ndege kapena sitima pa ndege osiyana, kuti kenako kuwapitirira. Komabe, nthawi yonseyi kuti unit yekha.

kuwombola ndondomeko

Pavlovskaya kusintha walenga mizere yaikulu kale mmawa wa 23 January. Maofesi a Sberbank anali "nthumwi" za collectives ntchito, lomwe linasintha lonse bilu brigades. Yowerengera malangizo pa mlungu pang'ono wolungama. anthu ambiri alibe nthawi kuchokera yopanga ku mabanki. Komabe, m'madera ena, utsogoleli m'dera anali kukumana anthu. Kuwombola maofesi akhala anatsegula kupanga, maofesi positi. The mizere okha anali kulimbana, munthu akadwala. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, Pavlovian kusintha ndalama analola kuti mupewe anthu pafupifupi 14 biliyoni rubles. okonza, ndithudi, anafuna kulanda oposa biliyoni 51,5 biliyoni 133 (pafupifupi 39%). Pavlovskaya kusintha, kuwonjezera, linali yozizira koopsa ndalama kubanki. Ndi ndalama izi kuti zigwire 40% pa annum. Komabe, kuti iwo kukhala kale kuposa chaka chamawa.

zotsatira

Pavlovskaya kusintha inachepetseratu ndalama dziko. Poyerekeza ndi 1990 izo anatsika ndi 20%. Pa nthawi yomweyo kwambiri chinawonjezeka ndi kuchepekedwa bajeti. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, 1991 izo anakwana 20-30% ya GDP. Pamene kusintha Pavlovian inatha, iwo unapangidwa bungwe ndi mlandu mabanki akunja kuwadzudzula chifukwa cha ntchito yolongosoka umalimbana kusokoneza makope ndalama mu USSR. Mu gawo lachiwiri la kusintha, popanda kulengeza aliyense asanayambe pa April 2 m'dziko chakwera mitengo ya mankhwala ogula ngakhale kuti kwa zaka zambiri, iwo anakhalabe pa mlingo khola. Zonsezi zapangitsa kuti imfa mtheradi chikhulupiriro aliyense mu utsogoleri wa chipanichi. Chiwerengero adadzikweza mundilanda kawiri.

Pomaliza

Monga zotsatira za maganizo a anthu kuwonetsa kusintha Pavlovian anakhala chimodzi mwa zifukwa kwambiri kwa kulephera kwa zokhumba za. Iye amadziwika kuti Atengedwa ku boma ndiwofatsa komanso Soviet Politburo mu 1991. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti anthu a Komiti Emergency anapezeka ndi wokonzanso Valentin Pavlov. Kenako ananena kuti pa nthawi anthu ochepa anazindikira ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti dala nkhani maganizo. Chakumapeto January, anthu 91 TH dziko sikuti akhululukidwa ndi banknotes chikusowa, komanso ndi mbali ya m'mbuyomu. Anthu okhala Vladikavkaz, amene anaona zinthu zimenezi, ndipo tsopano amadziwika kuti January 26, tsiku pambuyo chisangalalo ambiri, pa nyumba ya Bank State anju ovala bwino munthu sutikesiyi. Iye anatsegula ndi anatsanulira mulu wa chisanu pa banknotes 50 ruble ndi potentha iwo. Ku maganizo a modernity, malinga Volchik, mawonekedwe kusintha ndi zosaloleka. Komabe, ngati ife osalingalira monga anachitira kasamalidwe yapita, mwanjira ina ya kusintha ndalama osiyanasiyana. Pafupifupi anthu onse a kusintha kusiana bza USSR confiscatory. Ndi "kanthu" wa 90 oyambirira anali nazonso.