Periodization ku Roma. Masiku ofunika Events

Rome lili pakati pa mphambano ya njira zamalonda padziko midzi pafupi ndi Tiber Mtsinje. Mbiri yakale amati Rome adanyamuka mu BC IX atumwi. e. monga m'mudzi waung'ono kukhazikitsa awiri mafuko chapakati Latins ndi Sabines. Periodization ku Roma zikuphatikizapo magawo atatu akulu akulu: wachifumu, Republican ndi lachifumu.

Zotsatira za Etruscans

The Etruscans - ndi fuko lakale imene gawo lalikulu la chilumba (ano Tuscany). Adalenga chitukuko chachikulu ndi bwino anayamba likufika pakati pa mitsinje Tiber ndi Arno. chikhalidwe Etruscan anali akuthandiza kwambiri pa Aroma, amene analandira gawo lalikulu la chikhalidwe ndi miyambo yawo. chitukuko ichi anali yoyamba Roma ndipo anali wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa iye. Koma anali Aroma anaphatikizana ndi kuwononga Etruscans. Periodization ku Roma sizikanatheka kukanakhala opanda Etruscans, monga Aroma ntchito zotsatira zonse akalambula wake kuti alenge mkhalidwe wamphamvu.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Rome

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Rome akuyamba ndi nthanthi ya Romulus ndi Remus - mapasa awiri amene anabwerera ku malo ake oyenera, ndipo wabwezera agogo ake Numitor.

M'katikati II zikwi. BC. e. Tiber anayamba kukhazikika pansi pa mafuko a Latin Siculo. Latina anasonyeza malire awo mapiri awiri - ndi Palatine ndi Veliey. Otsala mapiri Sabines azigwira. Mu nthawi yochepa mafuko awiri, monga munthu angayembekezere, teamed kudutsa chifukwa cha zolinga zaziwerengero ndi wodzikonda. Mu VIII. BC. e. m'zaka za kugwirizana kwa mafuko awiri, chinali chiyambi cha ufumu waukulu. Kuyesetsa anzake a linga la inamangidwa ndi Rome, limene lili Capitol Hill. Ndi pano kunayamba periodization ku Roma.

Ngati kwambiri kupita ku nthano, ziyenera ananena kuti Vestal Rhea anakhala pakati pa Etruscans. Tsoka kunali kuti iye anabereka ana aamuna awiri a mulungu Mars - Romulus ndi Remus. Malinga ndi nthano, Ray analamula kuponya ana mu mtsinje mu mtanga. Iwo adakocheza pa mtsinje, ndipo posakhalitsa anayandikira Palatine Hill, kumene anatola nkhandwe. Tsiku la kukhazikitsidwa kwa Rome - 753 BC. e. Chaka chino, Romulus anamangidwira pa phiri la Rome, ndi nkhandwe wakhala wopatulika ulemu nyama.

achifumu nthawi

Tsiku m'munsi Rome anayambitsa tsarist nthawi imene boma ulamuliro 7 mafumu. Mafumu analamulira motere: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius ndi Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. Periodization ku Roma popanda mafumu 7 Sindingachite chifukwa iwo maziko zoyambirira za tsogolo la ufumuwo.

Poyamba, Romulus akulamulira pamodzi ndi Tatsiem - mfumu ya Sabines, koma pambuyo pa imfa yake, Romulus anapitiriza kulamulira yekha (753-715 BC ..). ulamuliro wake kwambiri kuti analenga Senate, anatha kulimbikitsa Palatine ndi mtundu wa dera Roma.

Mfumu yachiwiri, Numa Pompilius, chinasiyana ndi kupembedza kwambiri ndi chilungamo. Tullus Hostilius anali pankhondo mfumu amene ankamenyana ndi Fidenami, Sabina ndi Veyyami. Ankh Marcius anawonjezera malire a Rome kwa nyanja, kulimbitsa ubale ndi Etruscans. Iye si anakhala nkhondo limodzi.

Tarquinius Priscus anali Etruscans. Rome linatukuka ndi zaluso mu chinenero, ndale ndi chipembedzo. Tarquin Senate chinawonjezeka ndi anthu 100. Iye anamenyana ndi oyandikana nawo, nayamba ndondomeko yaitali kukhetsa madera m'madambo a mzinda. Servius Tullius wakhala munthu mwachinsinsi, popeza ngakhale chiyambi chake akhala chinsinsi. Tarquinius Superbus, mwana wa Tarquinius Priska, anagwira mphamvu mwa kupha. Iye analamulira mwankhanza ndipo sanali ankaona Senate maganizo.

Ulamuliro wa Tarquinius Superbus komanso kulekerera Kodi Sextus Tarquinius (mwana mfumu) anatsogolera chakuti mphamvu lachifumu anakana. Mbali yaikulu imeneyi anali ngati Latin-Sabine patricians.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Republic

Republic nthawi inali m'malo yaitali, kotero mbiri yakale muchigawane pawiri: Oyambirira Republic Roma ndi mochedwa Roma Republic. Kumayambiriro Republic Roma amakhala ndi mphamvu ya apamwamba ndi patricians, amene inati kwa plebs - ana a anthu anagonjetsa. The plebeians analibe ufulu: Iwo ankaletsedwanso zida, ndi mabanja awo losadziwika kukhala oyenera. Zonsezi cholinga chake chinali kumana iwo chitetezo kuchokera kumbali zonse. The vuto la Republic Roma anachititsa ndendende ndi atasemphana patricians ndi plebeians.

dongosolo Republican si kwambiri kusintha kapangidwe ndale wa Rome. M'malo mwake, moyo wautali mfumu mphamvu kupeza aliyense nthumwi ziwiri osankhidwa, amene analamulira chaka chonse. Kumapeto kwa mawu awo, nthumwi lipoti ku Senate.

Pa mabwalo oyambirira Aroma chinkhoswe pa nkhani za nkhondo imene inachititsa kuti adani a Italy. Kale ndi 264 BC. e. Rome anali mtundu wamphamvu kwambiri mu Mediterranean lonse. Mochedwa Republic zinali zodzaza ndi chiwerengero cha Punic Nkhondo, Aroma zomwe zinachititsa kuti agonjetse Carthage. Komabe, vuto la Republic Roma anakula kwambiri.

Roman Samnite Nkhondo (343-290 BC. E.)

Roman Samnite Nkhondo imakhala nthawi zitatu, ndipo ndi mndandanda wa nkhondo. Chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi nkhondo ziwiri zoyambirira anatumikira monga ndawala - wokongola komanso nthaka dera la Italy. Zomwe zinachitika lachitatu la nkhondo chifukwa chakuti kuwonongedwa mantha pa Samnites ku Central Italy.

Chachitatu wokakamiza nkhondo (74-71 BC. E.)

Ku Rome, chakhala chikukwera chiwerengero cha akapolo, ndi malo awo mmadera malinga ndi kuwonongeka. Izi zinthu ndi ulamuliro mwankhanza Yosunga - zimayambitsa ziwiri zikuluzikulu za kupanduka kwa Spartacus. Iwo anayamba pambuyo pa imfa yake ya wolamulirayo, ndi wafika kufanana kwambiri. Pakuti khamu la Spartacus anali kufika akapolo wothawa, amene anali ophunzitsidwa nkhondo omenyana. Ndi asilikali ake kupanduka anadutsa Italy ndipo anafuna tiwolokere ku chilumba cha Sicily, koma ananyengedwa ndi achifwamba. Ilo linali lonse la chiwerengero ndi kukula kwa kupanduka, amene yasonyeza mtima ndi ludzu ufulu akapolo.

Chifukwa, kupanduka khosi. Iye anagwa mu nkhondo Spartacus yekha, ndi om'tsatira zonse pamtanda pamodzi ndi Apiyo chenjezo kwa anthu ena.

Gayo Yuliy Tsezar

Gayo Yuliy Tsezar anali wopondereza, ndi kazembe, mpaka anakhala Pontifex Maximus Ufumu wa Roma. Great chikoka pa ufumu anali zaka wake wotsiriza. Caesar anali mbadwa ya patrician, kotero chibadwire wakhala anapatsidwa mphamvu zina.

Iye anali wandale kuchenjera ndi ziphuphu anthu munjira ina iliyonse. Izi zimathandiza kwambiri, ndipo iye anali akugwirizana kwambiri pakati pa anthu wamba. kupondereza Kaisara anali anakhumba ndi kukuwa onse. Iye anasonyeza matalente wake wa mtsogoleri wamkulu ndi pulani mu Gallic nkhondo, akugonjetsa dziko la Germany.

Iye maulendo ambiri, anawonjezera ufumu. Caesar anali mochenjera, koma mosamala. Mbiri yakale amati mphatso wokamba wake, chifukwa nthawi zambiri anaukitsa makhalidwe a asilikali kulankhula mwachidule. Caesar anasiya ntchito angapo kuti amaonedwa zapamwamba za Latin prose ( "Mfundo pa Gallic nkhondo" ndi "Ndemanga pa Civil nkhondo"). ntchito yake ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa chitukuko cha kumadzulo kwa Ulaya.

Kugwa kwa Republic

Kugwa kwa Republic amavutika, monga wakale kuti kusakhutira anakula bwinobwino. Senate mphamvu unasiya kukhala chilungamo, izo anaikira mu manja a mabanja ambiri mfulu. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti dongosolo Republican si oyenera kukhala mtundu waukulu. Musavutitsidwe ndi akuluakulu anavutika osati anthu wamba. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, pafupifupi zaka za m'ma zaka madandaulo Republic anagwa. Udindo waukulu mu izi nyimbo ndi asilikali.

ufumu

Bwanamkubwa wa Roma, wakhala anazindikira mwa mfumu ya chakuti boma lakale unagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali (poyamba unkatchedwa a asilikali mafumu). The atatu atumwi Rome anakhalabe kuti Republican. Mfumu anali mkulu mu Senate ndipo ankatchedwa "Princeps". Poyamba, Roma anali demokalase ndithu, ndipo mphamvu zonse anali akadali Senate. Mfumu yoyamba ya Roma anali Octavian Augustus. Iye anamaliza mapangidwe katswiri wa asilikali achiroma, umene unatha pafupi zaka zana. asilikaliwo anali kutumikira zaka 20-25, popanda yoyenera kuyamba banja ndi moyo pa gawo zonse.

Julio-Claudian mafumu anayamba Tiberius Klavdiy Neron - mfumu yachiwiri ya Rome, amene anawonjezera kwambiri malire chuma chawo. Payokha m'pofunika padera gawo lachitatu la Mfumu - Kaligula, yemwe analamula yekha "Mulungu" ndi anabzala kulambira Kaisara. Iye anakhala pa mlingo waukulu ndi ndalama zambiri ku chuma cha ntchito pa chifaniziro cha strata m'munsi mwa anthu. ulamuliro wake wachititsa kulira pagulu, ndipo iye anaphedwa chifukwa cha chiwembu wina.

Pafupi ndi mphamvu ya Rome anadza Flavian mafumu, amene moyenera kuteteza malire ace bwereza malire ake. Komanso, amadziwika wamanga zisudzo zake - Colosseum. Ndiyeno ndi kumpoto kwa Antonine mafumu.

Flavian mafumu ndi Colosseum (69-96 BC. E.)

mafumu uyu wamanga otchuka padziko lonse nyumba - pa Bwalo la maseŵera la Colosseum, limene lili pakati pa mapiri atatu. Ntchito yomanga nyumba anafuna zaka 8 ntchito mwakhama. Kutsegula Colosseum ku Rome zinali zodzaza ndi zikuluzikulu zisangalalo omenyana. Akatswiri ambiri wakale pofotokoza monga zikuluzikulu pabwalo Bwalo la maseŵera ndi maganizo zedi.

Tikumbukenso kuti dzina "Colosseum" anaonekera okha VIII atumwi. Pali awiri Mabaibulo a dzina. The choyamba ndi kukula ndi ukulu wa nyumba ndi lotchedwa yachiwiri ndi yakuti dzina amachokera kwa fano yaikulu kwambiri Nero, amene anamanga ulemu wake.

Mu m'bwalo lalikulu la maseŵera anagwira womenyana m'madzi igrishcha ndi baiting nyama. Zonsezi anakonza zoti maholide, kapena ulemu wa alendo olemekezeka. Mu 217 nyumbayi kunagwa moto kwambiri, koma mwa lamulo la Alexander Severus linakhalanso.

Antonine mzera

Ulamuliro wa Antonine mafumu imatengedwa kwambiri kapena zochepa khola kwa Rome. Mu mbiri ya Antonina chikudziwika ngati "mafumu asanu zabwino". Ufumu wa Roma pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Antonine mafumu anafika pachimake. mtendere wakhala akwaniritsa timakhala ndi Senate, izo potsiriza anazindikira mwa autocracy lapansi. Pankhani mfundo yachilendo, Rome kudzapeza m'malire awo.

Ulamuliro Antonina Piya (96-192 BC. E.)

Ulamuliro wa Mfumu Antonina Piya amakhala ndi maluwa kochuruka kwa m'midzi ndi maiko. Iye anali omasuka ndi kupezeka kwa aliyense wa manja ake pansi, ndipo iyo kwambiri anakopeka naye anthu. zochitika zawo m'munda ubale malamulo chinali chifukwa chakuti kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma III malamulo a Roma anayamba ndi leaps ndi malire. Mfumu anathandiza 5 maloya odziwika bwino, amene anali wokhoza kuukitsa malamulo a Aroma kuti mlingo watsopano. Iye ndi amene anayambitsa mfundo yofunika kwambiri, zomwe kuwerenga kuti anthu chisanadze mayesero sangakhale ndi mlandu uliwonse.

Pius kunayambitsa udindo wa akapolo anthu, anasonyeza kuti ndi kupha kapolo umbanda wamba. Komanso, akapolo amene anathaŵirako mwa mpanda wa kachisi sakanakhoza anabwerera eni. Mfumu anasintha wozunzikirapo akapolo ndiponso kuletsedwa ukapolo kutenga ana kwa zaka 14. Iye ndi amene anayambitsa lamulo limene linafotokoza kuti ana aakazi a makonda ayenera n'komwe pamene adalowa mgwirizano wa ukwati. Pius Board ankaona woganizira kwambiri, zomwe zinathandiza kuti chikoka nzeru za Agiriki ndi stoicism.

Mark Avrely

Ulamuliro wa Mfumu Marcus Aurelius ku mafumu Antonine kwakukulukulu anadalira pa postulates Antonina Piya. Mark Avrely wakhala anatsindika kulemekeza Senate, chidwi linaperekedwa kwa kumanja. Iye anathandiza mabanja osauka, anayamba nzeru ndi. Ndi wotani iye anali chete, koma moyo kukakamizidwa kugwira nawo nkhondoyi.

Kugwa kwa Ufumu

Kutha kwa ufumu wa Roma kunachitika motsutsa likhale kugwa kwa Western Roma. Chifukwa kuti anali ndi matenda akunjawo pa gawo lonse la Rome. 476 kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma anali tsiku mbiri yomwe chinali kutsiriza zonse za mbiri ya Rome. Pa gawo la mwachangu ankhondowo Visigoths ndi Ostrogoths, ndi Burgundians ndi Vandals. Kwa zaka zambiri, kuthamanga pa ufumu ndi mafuko Germany kokha kwambiri moti 476 kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma anali apogee. Posachedwa wachifumu Roma anakhala plaything ofuna warlords wakunja.

Dongosolo la mbiri ya Roma mwadzaza mantha chodabwitsa ndi wamagazi zochitika. Koma pambuyo kudutsa masitepe awa onse, Rome sakanati akhale ufumu amphamvu kwambiri amene anali wokhoza kuti amadza yaikulu pa dziko lonse. Iye anasiya ambiri zipilala chikhalidwe, komanso ntchito kwambiri ya mafumu kwambiri, nzeru ena.