Viko Dzhambattista: yonena ndi ntchito

The anayambitsa phunziro la ndondomeko ya mbiri yakale, nzeru zapamwamba Italy ya theka lachiwiri la khumi mphambu zisanu ndi woyamba - m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, nkhani imeneyi. Vico Giambattista yodziwika m'mbiri monga chopatsidwa ndi cholinga ndondomeko, kumene mtundu uliwonse akufotokozera mu m'zinthu wa Nthawi zitatu - Mulungu (pamene boma alibe nazo, mphamvu zonse za ansembe), ndi amunamuna (pamene boma mu manja a anthu apamwamba) ndi anthu (pamene pali nthumwi mafumu, ndi Democratic Republic).

yonena

Neapolitan nzeru zapamwamba Viko Dzhambattista ndi wasayansi anabadwa mu June 1668 m'banja lalikulu. Atate anagulitsa mabuku, kotero mnyamata anadziwana ndi sayansi oyambirira, ngakhale asanalowe sukulu wachikatolika. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mlingo wa maphunziro apo iye sanamvere. Viko Dzhambattista ndi zolimba kudzifunsa kuti kwambiri njira sukulu kwa ntchito kupewedwa, chifukwa anayenera kusiya. Kudziwa anamupatsa msanga, ndi yaikulu, mosalekeza komanso chozama.

Mwa zochita zake osati zilankhulo okha wakale: kuwonjezera Latin ndi Chitaliyana Viko Dzhambattista kuphunzira mabuku, malamulo, maphunziro, mbiri, free kukhala chinthu cha ntchito ya Cicero, Virgil, Horace, Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio, ndi ena ambiri. Real kutchuka mumzinda wakwawo anapeza monga loya Mphunzitsi, koma ngakhale stesnonnost zimenezi zili boma lake yachibadwa. Choncho, munthu wamkulu sanali kupewa kulemba nkhani mwambo malankhulidwe, ndakatulo ndi zina zotero.

ntchito kuzindikira

Pa zaka makumi Vico anakhala yunivesite ya apamwamba pa Naples, makoma amene amagwiritsa ntchito oposa zaka, ndipo ntchito zake ndi philological maphunziro kupeza kutchuka wodziika. Giambattista Vico anabadwa angapo ntchito mwangwiro sayansi za ndizosowa chinenero Latin, kumene kunali mkulu wakale Italy kaonedwe pa njira zamakono mu sayansi, za Antonio Caraffa - "Books Four", pa maziko a cholinga cha ufulu chilengedwe amene yunifolomu, malamulo ndi mosalekeza ndi zambiri mozamirapo anaphunzira opezeka zili m'mabuku.

Ndipo mu 1725 anadza ntchito yaikulu ya moyo wake, kuti tsiku pamakhala phunziro la. Viko Dzhambattista analemba, "pogwiritsa ntchito sayansi yatsopano ya chikhalidwe cha amitundu," ndipo ntchito imeneyi inatha agulitsa yomweyo kwenikweni vzapoy kuwerenga ndi anthu wamba, omwe ndi chidwi chachikulu anakambirana nthanthi wolemba malonjezo. Mkanganowu kunali kwakukulu, ndi nkhaniyi akuti ndi apakhungu lero. Dzina la wolemba anaphunzira mu ngodya, m'malekezero a Europe sayansi, koma ambiri mwa anzake anali asanaonepo ndi worldview kuti kutsatira Giambattista Vico. Magwero a kupita patsogolo anthu, iwo ali m'malo ena.

kuteteza maganizo

Giambattista Vico ndi nthumwi ya sayansi, imene kusiya zikhulupiriro zawo sitingakhoze, koma chifukwa iye anayesa m'njira zosiyanasiyana pofuna kusokoneza maganizo a anzake, kutsimikizira kuti ali bwino. Ndipo chifukwa anali okonzeka mabuku awiri watsopano, pamene iye anayesa ngati kuli kotheka kukhala zovuta kumvetsa lingaliro ntchito akale monga polemic ndi osuliza.

Ndiye, Giambattista Vico, lingaliro lomwe anasintha maganizo awo pa chikhalidwe cha amitundu, analemba autobiography, ndi, ngati si mwangwiro sayansi, ndiye, tinene, aluntha, kumene quests ake onse ndi kufufuza mu dziko la sayansi zikugwirizananso. M'chaka cha 1735 anasankhidwa kuika lonse Ufumu wa Naples mbiri choncho, potsiriza, kusowa chuma, anasiya kumva. Komabe, chiphunzitsocho sanafooke: Latin mabuku apamwamba, anaphunzitsa ophunzira kunyumba.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu

Real akuthandizeni wasayansi amene malingaliro ankakhulupirira kuposa pafupi, anali Tacitus, Plato, Frensis Bekon ndi Gugo Grotsy. Giambattista Vico ndi nthumwi ya munda wa nzeru, amene simungakhoze kuchita popanda ntchito za Pico Della Mirandola, Marsilio Ficino, Galileo ndi Bruno Dzhorzhano, komanso Niccolo Machiavelli anali pa dziko la sayansi kukopa kwakukulu.

Mpaka ina ntchito zonse Vico analemba Latin, kenako anazindikira kuti kwambiri kukuza mwayi ndi malire a chinenero, koma chifukwa kulemba Dzhambattista Viko "New Science" linasindikizidwa ku Italy. M'malo mwake, kunapezeka si Italy ndithu - komabe kulibe monga chinenero umodzi dziko, zinali zosangalatsa ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa Neapolitan chilankhulo.

A nzeru zatsopano

Unsembe wa ulaliki ndi buku akanali yemweyo - anali mwangwiro sayansi, choncho zosokoneza ndi mdima kumva, ndipo pamene pamwamba nampsompsona zambiri ndipo si onse m'madera mwachilengedwe chinenero Naples - aliyense Italy anacititsa kuti malingaliro amene anaika mu bukhu kulemba, ndi kumva iwo.

Buku inamangidwa ntchito njira axiomatic-deductive, ndi monga munthu wabwinobwino zojambula lonena mu zomwe ake anayamba Giambattista Vico, mwaukali kutsutsa tsankho ndi subjectivity chibadidwe anthu komanso mitundu yonse.

Ife sanakondwere ndi njira extrapolation, umene panthawi imeneyo chinayambira ku zaumunthu onse. Iye ananena poyera kuti zolakwa za nzeru ya Descartes. Kugwiritsa rationalism ndi subjectivism mu mfundo za empiricism mdani zambiri anali chandamale zotsutsa, amene achita Giambattista Vico.

Sociology

Latsopano sayansi ikhale nzeru zinachitika, wolemba akudziwikanso monga zamulungu, koma kulivomereza boma. Giambattista Vico analemba patsogolo malamulo pa nthawi imeneyo zisanachitikepo zinthu.

Mwachitsanzo, kuti malamulo a anthu, ndithudi, Mulungu analikhazikitsa (kapena Providence), koma yachibadwa mkati zambiri zikuchitika nthawi ya ndondomeko mbiri zosiyana kwa madongosolo Mulungu. Ichi ndi cholinga chikhalidwe cha zodabwitsazi.

ntchito anthu akuyendera ndi Determinism lachibadwa, kuti ali, malingana ndi malamulo a Chifukwa chonse, ndi malamulo mbiri Chiongoko ndi zonse akulembayo za nkhondo zofuna anthu.

makope pagulu

Albucasis Vico anazindikira mfundo za umodzi wa anthu ndi subordination anthu onse popanda yekha, ndi Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe wa mayiko monga mwa malamulo konsekonse. Chiphunzitso cha mkombero chitukuko, contoured Giambattista tikudziwa tsopano.

Akutukuka mu m'zinthu, monga wamoyo achinyamata ali mwana, ndi kukhwima, kukhala pamodzi ndi mzere akwera, aliyense siteji amakana wina m'mbuyomu, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo pali kusokonekera chikhalidwe, analenga likuvutika mikangano chikhalidwe. Chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi, monga nthawi zonse, Gona katundu.

Kayendedwe ka nthawi ikutha ndi vuto la anthu, kuwola ake, maselo zonse za thupi ongoyendayenda kudzitsitsa chikhalidwe. Ndiye, mkombero kwatsopano kumayambika.

Atatu "m'zaka za"

Vico chimasonyeza njira mogwirizana chikhalidwe m'mbali okhulupirika. Gawo lirilonse - ndi "zaka" - amakhazikitsa malamulo omwe ndi chinenero, miyambo, chipembedzo, mabungwe ndi zachuma. Maziko generalizations awo Vico anasankha mbiri ya Rome. "M'badwo wa Milungu" - za nkhanza wosazindikira ndi ufulu bestial popanda malire, pakalibe boma lililonse. Mphamvu ya milungu (kapena m'malo - ansembe). World lolamulidwa ndi kupembedza ndi mantha. Ndiye mabanja makolo knotted nkhondo ndi atumiki ndi mabanja, chimene chili chofunika kuthetsedwa kwa boma lomwe ulamuliro oyamba adzakhala ndi yotsirizira nakulitsa dziko. Pa nthawi imeneyi akuyamba "zaka ngwazi" pamene mabanja a makolo limapezeka kudziwa, ndi a akapolo ndi mabanja - anthu wamba. Patricians ndi plebeians. Lolemera khalidwe la boma, mafumu ang'onoang'ono ntchito mphamvu ndi chinyengo kuti gwiritsitsa mphamvu. nthawi imene mphamvu zoyenera.

Komabe, anthu wamba sangathe kudikira awo kuti apambane. "M'badwo wa Zimphona" umatha ndi chiyambi cha "m'badwo wa anthu" - siteji apamwamba kuzungulira. anthu wamba akugonjetsa ndi kuwononga ambuye ang'onoang'ono. A Republic kapena ufumu ndi ndale kufanana osiyana khalidwe yachifundo, chipambane chifukwa, chikumbumtima ndi ntchito. Chilamulo amakhala zomveka. Bwino sayansi, ntchito zamanja, zojambulajambula, mu nthawi yoyamba zinakambidwa. Trade akubweretsa anthu palimodzi, anthu amalandira umodzi, ndi chitukuko. Koma ufulu demokalase amakonda kukula kukula kwa chisokonezo, wopita ku chiwonongeko cha dongosolo lonse chikhalidwe. Pakubwera kugwa kwa boma ndi chiyambi cha latsopano "m'badwo wa milungu."

kuchotserapo

Komabe, Carthage sichinkagwirizana mu chiwembu izi wa historiography. Ndipo si iye yekha. Vico kuvomereza kuti pali kuchotserapo, ndi lingaliro, amene anapereka pamwamba, chimakwirira okha ambiri zina. Zachitika pa sayansi, amene anatipatsa Vico - dialectics mu kuphunzira zinthu zambiri anthu ndi kufala kwa historicism. Mwa ichi chonse, wolemba anaposa kwambiri ngakhale French Choonadi. Komanso, ambiri Vico akubweretsa kwa kuganizira za mavuto a nzeru za anthu ndi mbiri, nthano ndi malamulo, zilankhulo poyerekeza, philology, ndi zina zotero.

Zida zofunika kwambiri kumvetsetsa mbiri ya kuphunzira chilamulo, iye anaganiza, nthano, miyambo wowerengeka ndipo woyamba wa zonse - chinenero. Vico akulakalaka chitukuko ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa umodzi wa sayansi, maphunziro ambiri. Ine ndinali kulondola. Kaphatikizidwe Sciences tsopano ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha sayansi. Anachita chidwi ndi ntchito zosasinthika za Homer - "Iliad" ndi "Odyssey" ndipo amawaona ngati gwero mbiri wathunthu ndi zolondola Komabe, kutsimikizira kwa aliyense kuti Homer - ndi nthano chithunzi. Mfundo zomwe akhala anakonza kuti iwo sichoncho aiwala, koma ndi yaitali Transitional nthawi mu New Chenicheni anatenga zaka zambiri.