Scipio Africanus mkuluyo: yochepa mbiri, zithunzi

Tsogolo yakale yoyendera wandale komanso mtsogoleri wa asilikali Scipio Africanus anabadwa ku Roma 235 BC. e. Iye anali wa Cornelia - munthu wolemekezeka ndi wotchuka chikhalidwe cha chiyambi Etruscan. Ambiri a makolo ake anakhala nthumwi, kuphatikizapo atate wake wa Popliyo. Ngakhale kuti Scipio (nthambi ya Cornelia) amphamvu m'bwalolo ndale, iwo ngolemera. Mbali ina yofunika pa linali ellinizirovannost (kukhudzana ndi chikhalidwe Greek), pamene iye anali sanavale pamlingo waukulu.

Chiyambi cha ntchito yake yausilikali

Scipio Africanus, amene ali mwana pafupifupi wosadziwika, unayamba kugwa mu Nkhani achiroma 218 BC. e. Iye anasankha ntchito ya usilikali. Iwo kumatanthauza tsogolo lake lonse. Chisankho sanali mwangozi. Pa chaka chino Rome layamba kumenyana ndi mnansi kum'mwera Carthage. boma Foinike anali mpikisano waukulu wa dziko la ku Mediterranean. likulu lake linali kumpoto kwa Africa. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Carthage anali madera ambiri ku Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica ndi Spain (dera la Iberia). Ndi m'dziko limeneli anatumiza bambo Scipio a - Kazembe Popliyo. mwana 17 wazaka anapita naye. Mu Spain, Aroma anali kukumana Hannibal.

Kumapeto kwa chaka 218 Scipio Africanus choyamba anapita kunkhondo yaikulu. Zinali nkhondo ya Ticino. Aroma anachitaya icho chifukwa chakuti saganizira mdani wake. Koma Scipio Africanus pa Ticino yekha anatchuka kwambiri. Ataphunzira kuti bambo ake anaukira ndi mdani apakavalo, wankhondo osakwatirafe-handedly anathamangira kuthandiza kazembe wa. Apakavalo anathawa. Pambuyo nkhani imeneyi, Korneliy Stsipion Africanus kwa mtima wake ankalemekeza mphoto yapamwamba mu mawonekedwe a wathundu nkhata. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti wolimba mnyamata mosapita m'mbali anakana izo, kuti ntchito ndi kuchitidwa kuzindikira.

pafupifupi mudziwe zambiri mnyamata otsutsana. Popeza kuti si kwathunthu anakhazikitsa, kaya anali mu nkhondo atawapulumutsa Carthage kuti nthawi. Zolakwika zimenezi akukhudzana mfundo imeneyo wakale wachoka kwambiri magwero, mwachindunji pokambirana naye mzake. Ngakhale olemba zambiri agwiritsa ntchito chinyengo ndi kumam'nyoza adani awo, ndi ena, m'malo mwake, kukambapo ubwino wa ogula awo. Lang'anani, pali lomwe mu 216 BC. e. Scipio Africanus anali Tribune asilikali ankhondo ndi kumenyana mu Nkhondo ya Cannae. Ngati izi zingakhale zowona, ndiye kuti ndi mwayi kwambiri kukhala ndi moyo ndi kupewa adani chifukwa pamene Aroma anagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali a Hannibal.

Scipio osiyana khalidwe amphamvu ndi kumpanga weniweni makhalidwe utsogoleri. Amadziwika Zomwe zinachitika pamene anamva kwa chokhumba cha ena atsogoleri kwa chilema chifukwa cha kugonjetsedwa kwa Republic, anayamba hema, ndi achiwembu, kuopseza ndi lupanga, anakakamizika kulumbirira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa Rome.

wobwezera Roma

bambo Scipio ndi amalume anaphedwa pa wina Kwachiwiri Punic nkhondo. Banja iye anali chabe mchimwene Lucius (mayi ake anamwalira akubereka). Mu 211 BC. e. Popliyo analengeza candidacy wake chifukwa udindo wa curule aedile kuthandiza wachibale kampeni zake zandale. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, onse anali kusankhidwa. Scipio Africanus Mkuluyo atayamba wamba yake ntchito chomwe pambuyo komanso zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha kupambana.

Atatsala pang'ono chisankho cha asilikali aediles nawo kuzinga bwino Capua. Pambuyo pa adani a mzinda ndi akuluakulu a Roma anayamba kuganizira dongosolo la msonkhano ku Spain. Mu dziko lino ku Carthaginians zinkatiyendera a mizinda ndi madoko komwe ndi gwero la chakudya ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwa asilikali wopambana Hannibal ali. Kukunda njira imeneyi mpaka tsopano si zotheka, kutanthauza kuti, Aroma ankafunika njira yatsopano.

Anaganiza kutumiza kukaona ku Spain, chimene chinali kumuchititsa Hannibal KUKHULUPIRIRA. Chifukwa cha unagonjetsedwa wosatha Assembly Anthu aliyense akazembe a sanayese n'komwe kuthamanga. Palibe ankafuna kukhala ndi scapegoat pambuyo kugonjetsedwa wina. Panthawi yoopsa iyi, Scipio Africanus anapereka kutsogolera asilikali. Iye anafa madzulo a bambo ake ndi amalume. Pakuti nkhondo ndi Carthage anali naye. Iye anapereka mawu amoto za kubwezera kugonjetsedwa ku Rome, kenako anasankhidwa bwanamkubwa. Pakuti mwamuna 24 wazaka wamng'ono, izo zinali bwino kuposa kale lonse. Tsopano iye ndi kulungamitsa adzidzidzi nzika anzawo.

Spanish kampeni

Mu 210 BC. e. Scipio Africanus mkuluyo, pamodzi ndi asilikali 11 amphamvu ndi nyanja ndi Spain. Pali analowa mphamvu ndi propraetor m'dera asilikali. Tsopano anthu 24 zikwi anali mu manja ake. Poyerekeza ndi chimadalira Carthaginian mu Pyrenees anali asilikali wodzichepetsa. Mu Spain panali atatu Foinike asilikali. Atsogoleli abale Hannibal Mago ndi Hasdrubal, ndi Teska otsiriza Hasdrubal Gisco. Ngati osachepera awiri a magulu awa adasonkhana, ndiye Scipio kuti akukumana kunatsala pang'ono kugonja.

Komabe, mkulu ankagwiritsa ntchito ubwino wake onse aang'ono. strategy ake anali osiyana kwambiri ndi zimene anatsatira akalambula ake, amene anakhudzidwa ndi kugonjetsedwa Carthaginian. Choyamba, asilikali achiroma monga zapansi awo ntchito mzinda kumpoto kwa Iber Mtsinje, kamodzi zochokera atsamunda Greek. Pamenepo Scipio makamaka analimbikira African. Mwachidule yonena pulani yanthaŵi zonse, pamene iye anatenga njira zapadera. Spain ameneŵa inasonyeza chabe zikachitika. Scipio anazindikira kuti safuna tinganene kuti malo a kum'mwera, kumene malo mdani ndi pacimake.

Kachiwiri chiroma anapempha kuti amuthandize am'deralo, kusakhutira ndi ulamuliro wa colonizers Carthaginian. Amenewa anali Celtiberians ndi Iberians kumpoto. Ankhondo a Republic kuchita konsati zigaŵenga zankhondo, amene anadziwa malo ndipo muzikachokera misewu.

Chachitatu, Scipio anaganiza kupereka nkhondo ambiri nthawi yomweyo, koma pang'ono ndi pang'ono afoole mdani. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, iye anadza kwa anaukira ikuthamanga. Pakhala anayi. Pamene gulu lankhondo nthawi zonse anagonja Carthaginians, Aroma anabwerera ku likulu lawo, pamene mphamvu kubwezeretsa ndipo anapitanso ku nkhondo. Mkulu anayesa asachoke kutali kwambiri ndi maudindo awo kuti adzadulidwa kuchokera kumbuyo. Ngati inu kuwonjezera onse mfundo izi bwino njira, n'zotheka kumvetsa mmene wotchuka Scipio Africanus mkuluyo. Iye ankadziwa kuti atenge njira yabwino, ndipo nthawi zonse ndi ntchito yabwino ubwino wawo ndi zofooka za mdani wa.

The anagonjetsa dera la Iberia

The yoyamba bwino Scipio ku Spain anali adani a Chatsopano Carthage - doko lalikulu, womwe wakhala chamankhwala chodalirika ulamuliro dera atsamunda African. Mu makedzana mbiri ya anagonjetsa mzindawo wakhala wodzilemekeza ndi chiwembu, lomwe linatchedwa "kuwolowa manja a Scipio Africanus."

mkulu wina kunali Anagwiranso 300 Spain ameneŵa wolemekezeka banja. Komanso, asilikali achiroma anapereka Scipio mphatso mnyamata mkaidi, amapereka kukongola osowa. Mkulu wake ndinaphunzira kuti mtsikana pakubwera Mkwatibwi wina wa Anagwiranso lapansi. Ndiye mtsogoleri wa Aroma analamula kupereka mkwatibwi wake. Mkaidi anathokoza Scipio kuti zinachititsa lalikulu yake asilikali okwera pamahatchi, detachment ndipo wakhala anali ngati dziko owona. Msangani wenewu ankagwira chifukwa cha amisiri wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi masiku ano. ambuye ambiri European (Nikola Pussen, Niccolò dell'Abbate ndi zina zotero. D.) otchulidwa zithunzi zawo za nkhani imeneyi wakale.

A chigonjetso mu Spain Scipio anapambana nkhondo ya ILIP mu 206 BC. e. Mkulu Hasdrubal Gisco anathamangira kunyumba. Akadzagonjetsedwa Carthage anaganiza kusiya chuma Spain ameneŵa. Mu Spain, mphamvu ya Chiroma unakhazikitsidwa definitively.

Homecoming

Kumapeto kwa 206 BC. e. Rome apambana ndipo anabwerera Scipio Africanus mkuluyo. Popliyo Korneliyo analankhula pamaso pa Senate ndi analengeza kupambana kwake - anatha kumenya anayi a asilikali mdani ndi kuchotsa Carthaginians ku Spain. Pa pakalibe mkulu mu likulu mu mphamvu iye ali kwambiri adani nsanje amene sanafune ndale pulani zofunika. Izi chitsutso woyamba kutsogoleredwa ndi Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. The Senate anakana Scipio mu mwambo mwamwambo chabe kupambana. Komabe, sanaleke mkulu wa asilikali kukhala oona dziko ngwazi. Zambiri Aroma nsangala moni wopambana.

Komabe, nkhondo ndi Carthage sali pa panobe. Ngakhale mphamvu puniyskaya ku Spain ndi kale, adani a Rome ankalamulira Africa North ndi zisumbu Mediterranean. Scipio anapita Sicily. Ngati dziko anatha kupambana chilumba chimenechi, ndiye kuti m'munsi kwambiri chifukwa amanyansidwa mopitirira mu Africa North. Pambuyo ankafika ku Sicily, ndi mkulu wa ang'ono asilikali anatha tipezekemo thandizo la m'madera (makamaka Greek atsamunda), anamulonjeza kuti abwerere chuma chilichonse pa nkhondo mosalekeza.

kampeni African

M'chaka cha 204 BC. e. Scipio, pamodzi ndi asilikali kukula kwa anthu pafupifupi 35 zikwi anachoka kugombe Sicilian ndipo anapita kwa Africa. Pali anayenera kusankha pali mphamvu fungulo la Republic Roma mu Mediterranean akale. Ndi kupambana kwa mtsogoleri Africa ndipo ankauza monga Scipio Africanus. Photo wa busts wake ndiponso ziboliboli m'madera osiyanasiyana a boma la Roma anasonyeza bwanji kuti anali kwenikweni m'dziko lake lodziwika bwino chithunzi.

Ulendo woyamba kutenga Utica (zikuluzikulu tawuni ya kumpoto cha kum'mawa kwa Carthage) anadza kwa kanthu. Scipio ndi ankhondo ake nyengo yachisanu mwachindunji pa gombe African, osati kukhala osachepera ena kuthetsa kwambiri. Pa nthawi iyi, Carthaginians atuma nsogolere asilikali otchuka kwambiri Hannibal kalata yake, amene anafuna kuti abwerere ku Europe kwawo ndiponso kuteteza dziko lawo. Kuti mwanjira kutambasula Punicians nthawi tinayamba kuchititsa ndi Scipio nkhani mtendere, umene Komabe, anabwera kanthu.

Pamene Hannibal anafika ku Africa, komanso anakonza msonkhano ndi chiroma. Kenako chiganizo chotsatirachi - Carthaginians kusiya Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily ndi Spain chosinthana pangano mtendere. Komabe, Popliyo Korneliyo adakana zinthu zimenezi. Iye ananena kuti dziko ndi kale bwino asaaonerera pa dziko lonse. Scipio nayenso amasonyeza Baibulo wowawa wa pangano. Hannibal anakana. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti mwazi mosalephera. Tsoka la Hannibal ndi Scipio Africanus anali kuti anagwirizana chitsutso mkati.

Nkhondo ya Zama

Nkhondo ya Zama zinachitika pa October 19 202 BC. e. Kumbali ya Republic Aroma ankagwiritsanso ndi Numidiya - okhala zamakolo a mu Africa. thandizo achita kwambiri kwa Latins. zoona zake n'zakuti Aroma kwa nthawi yaitali anazunguzika kuti zimachepetsa chida yoopsa kwambiri Hannibal - njovu. Izi nyama zikuluzikulu mantha Azungu amene sanakhalepo ndi kuthana ndi zilombo izi. Njovu anakhala oponya mivi ndi okwera kuwombera adani awo. Izi "kavalo" anasonyeza kale nchito zake pa kuukira Italy wa Hannibal. Anakhala njovu mwa Alps mkulu kuposa Aroma zinachititsa kuti chisokonezo kwambiri.

Numidiya kudziŵa bwino zizolowezi za njovu. Iwo amadziwa n'chongoletsa iwo. Kuti nyama ndi Africa kuchita, pamapeto pake kupereka njira yabwino kwa Aroma (m'munsimu). Pankhani chiŵerengero cha ophunzira chipitirire, ndi makulidwe anali pafupifupi chimodzimodzi. Scipio Africanus, kanthawi mbiri yomwe inkakhala yokopa ambiri, anabweretsa kwa Africa ndi bwino pagulu ndi coherent ankhondo, zomwe wonse akuchita malamulo a mtsogoleri wawo yaitali. Asilikali achiroma inkakhala 33 zikwi oyenda ndi 8000 apakavalo, pamene ku Carthaginians anali 34,000 oyenda ndi apakavalo 3000th.

Kugonjetsa Hannibal

Elephant kuukira Publiya Korneliya anakumana asilikali bungwe. Oyenda akugwetsa pamaso nyama. Amene ali pa liwilo chinapululutsa kudzera makonde a ophunzira, popanda kumenya aliyense. Kumbuyo iwo anayembekezera oponya mivi ambiri amene ali wandiweyani moto shelled nyama. A udindo zikuluzikulu anali ankaimba ndi apakavalo Roma. Choyamba iye anagonjetsa apakavalo Carthaginian, kenako anagunda kumbuyo kwa oyenda pa. Mizere Carthaginians anathyola ndipo iwo anathawa. Iwo anayesa kuletsa Hannibal. Scipio Africanus Komabe, lakwaniritsa pire pikhafuna iye. Iye anali wopambana. asilikali Carthaginian anataya 20,000 anaphedwa, ndipo Roma - 5000.

Hannibal anakhala wotayika mbathawa kum'mawa. Carthage anavomereza kugonja. The Republic Roma anali ndi katundu wake onse European ndi insular. The ulamuliro wa limati African wakhala linasokoneza kwambiri. Komanso, palokha wabweza Numibiya, anakhala angakuthandizeni wokhulupirika wa Rome. chigonjetso Scipio a anaonetsetsa udindo waukulu wa Republic mu Mediterranean. A zaka zochepa pambuyo pa imfa yake anaswa Chachitatu Punic nkhondo, kenako Carthage kufuzika ndi litawonongedwa.

Nkhondo ndi Aselukasi

Zaka khumi anali mtendere mtsogoleri wa. Iye kumvetsa ntchito ndale limene iye anali kale nthawi chifukwa cha ntchito imene zonse ndi maulendo. Kuti amvetsetse chimene chili Scipio Africanus mkuluyo, ndi okwanira kuti atchule udindo wamba ndi maudindo. Iye anakhala kazembe, m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu, pritsepsom Senate ndi kazembe. Chithunzi Scipio anali kwambiri mu ndale Roman nthawi yake. Koma anali adani ake mu nkhope ya otsutsa lolemera.

Mu 191 BC. e. ambiri anapitanso ku nkhondo. nthawi ino iye anapita kummawa kumene mkangano kunabuka Rome ndi Selukeya Ufumu. Nkhondo kunachitika m'nyengo yozizira ya 190 - 189 zaka. BC. e. (Chifukwa cha magwero a kusatsatira enieni tsiku osadziwika). Malinga ndi zotsatira za mfumu ya Suriya Antiochus nkhondo analipira ndalama yaikulu indemnity dziko la matalente 15 chikwi, ndipo anampatsa dziko wamakono kumadzulo Turkey.

Mlandu ndi imfa

Atabwerera kunyumba Scipio linakumana ndi vuto lalikulu. adani ake mu Senate ndi iye anakhazikitsa mlandu. Warlord (pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake Lucius) mlandu zosayenera ndalama, kuba ndalama ndi zina zotero. D. State ntchito wasankhidwa, amene anapanga Scipio kulipira chindapusa lalikulu.

Kenaka nthawi ya kulimbana chinsinsi ndi adani Publiya Korneliya mu Senate. antagonist chachikulu anakhala Cato, amene ankafuna kuti ofesi censorial ndipo adafunafuna njira yomuwonongera mbali ya kagulu kamene wa warlord wotchuka. Chifukwa, Scipio anataya posts ake onse. Iye anapita ku tokha ukapolo ku munda wake Campania. Pali Popliyo Korneliyo anakhala chaka chatha a moyo wake. Iye anafa mu 183 BC. e. pa usinkhu wa zaka 52. Chigoba nthawi yomweyo iye anaphedwa ndi mkulu wa asilikali Goliyati cha Hannibal, amene ankakhala ku kum'mawa. Scipio anali mmodzi wa amuna chidwi kwambiri nthawi yake. Iye anakwanitsa kugonjetsa Carthage ndi Aperisiya, komanso kupanga ntchito kwambiri ndale.