Semiboyarshina ndi chiyani? Semiboyarshina mu Nthawi ya Mavuto

Mu mbiri ya Russia pa 1610-1612 biennium. Iye analowa monga Semiboyarshina - nthawi ya ulamuliro wa oimira asanu ndi awiri a ku Boyar Duma, kukhazikitsa boma Transitional, cholinga chimene chinali kukonzekera chisankho cha mfumu yatsopano mu chipinda cha kutsitsidwa Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Komabe, makamaka Nthawi ya Mavuto zimene zinachitika zinachitika, iwo adamfunsa kanthu mwamsanga.

Dziko liri mu chikhalidwe cha mavuto aakulu

The nkhani zandale ndi za chuma Russia m'chiyambi cha 1610 kunali kovuta kwambiri. akumane kwambiri wake asefukira nkhondo ndi Poland, kuwonjezera, pafupi ndi mzinda wa Moscow, asilikali wonamizira wina kudzatenga udindo wa ankayembekezera kulowa ufumu - Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II. Nkhaniyo, adapita dzina Tushino mbala - pa malo a msasa wawo ku mudzi pafupi Moscow Tushino.

zinthu anali kulimbikitsa ndi zotsatira za kale kuti unasesa Russia chiwembu kutsogoleredwa ndi Ivan Bolotnikov ndi kuukira nagayskih ndi Crimea Chitata. Zonsezi zapangitsa kuti osauka kwambiri anthu ndi kupewa Zikatero zipolowe. kugonjetsedwa wina asilikali lachifumu kunkhondo ndi Zitsulo anali kutsogolera kwa zipolowe ndi kuchotsa Tsar Vasiliya Shuyskogo.

Education Semiboyarshina

Patsogolo patsogolo pa chisankho cha autocrat yatsopano, ndi kukonzekera kuchita izi zofunika pa moyo wa boma, komanso kulamulira dziko nyengo ya kusintha kwa adamuumbayo boma provisional, zimene zinaphatikizapo seveni kwambiri bwino wobadwa ndi otchuka a Boyar Duma. Ena mwa iwo anali akalonga Fi Mstislavsky, IM Vorotynsky, AV Trubetskoy, A. V. Golitsyn ndi boyars BM Lykov-Obolensky, I. Romanov ndi Fi Sheremetev .

Choncho, mu kudzuka kwa alowererepo Polish ndi mavuto a m'banja, anapanga Semiboyarshina. Mu ulamuliro wa mphamvu, lotsogoledwa ndi Prince Fodorom Mihaylovichem Mstislavskim pachimake pa kukwera ku mpando wachifumu, mfumu yoyamba ya Nyumba ya Romanov - Mikhail Fedorovich, ndi mapeto a Time wa Mavuto. Koma uyu anali yoyamba yaitali ndi zovuta nthawi.

Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya boyars ndi

Kuti amvetsetse chimene chili Semiboyarshina ndi mmene lonse anali mphamvu yake, ayenera kuganizira mmene zinthu zinalili pa nthawi padziko Moscow. Ku magwero zopelekedwa kuti kumadzulo kwa izo umakhala pafupi mzinda anali Zitsulo, kutsogozedwa ndi Hetman Zhelkovskim, ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa, mu Kolomna, anakakhala pansi asilikali Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry, kuchuluka sanachedwe kuvomereza kwa Chilituyaniya kumuwombera Sapieha. Choncho, nthawi zonse Semiboyarshina ulamuliro wake sanali kudzalamulira likulu.

Amakakamizidwa chiwembu cha Zitsulo

Funso la zimene Semiboyarshina m'mbiri ya Russia, monga ulamuliro, konse imfayo mtsutso. Childs, mamembala a boma anatumizidwa udindo wa oukira anthu, ndipo apa ndi ichi. Panokha, kuopseza yaikulu si Zitsulo, amene kotheka kukwaniritsa pangano ngati mukufuna, ndipo asilikali a wonamizira, anali nayo pakati pa anthu wamba ku Moscow kwambiri za mbali. Mu nkhani ya kuwina mbala Tushino boyars sibwenzi anagwetsa mitu yawo.

Zimenezi zinapangitsa iwo kukambirana ndi hetman Zhelkovskim chamanja mgwilizano umene ndi Russian Tsar anali kukhala Vladislav Vasa - mwana wa Polish Mfumu Sigismund III. Anathandiza wonyenga Lithuanians kutsogoleredwa ndi Sapieha komanso anavomera kulumbirira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa mfumu Polish Choncho, Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II anali akumanidwa mwayi weniweni kulanda mphamvu Moscow.

Zigaŵenga zochita zokha

Komabe, kuti ndi chitetezo chachikulu linalake, boyars usiku September 21, 1610 Kremlin mobisa anatsegula zipata ndi tiyeni ankhondowo ku likulu. Kuyambira nthawi kuti akamanena lonse la bungwe la seveni anachepetsedwa kukwaniritsa udindo wa zidole m'manja mwa mfumu Polish, amene anakhala zokondweretsa mzere ndale kudzera protege wake - ndi commandant wa Moscow Aleksandra Gonsevskogo. Olemekezeka, opanda mphamvu ndi zenizeni ndipo ankachita kwenikweni Anagwiranso. Zinali udindo zimenezi iwo womvetsa chisoni kuwona yankho ku funso lakuti: "? Semiboyarshina Kodi"

Ngakhale kuti panganoli infringes pa zinthu za mtundu wa anthu Russian ndipo anali lonyansa kwa iye, panalibe funso inalowa Russia kwa Commonwealth, koma chinanena kuteteza Orthodoxy lonse m'gawo lake. Yekha Korolevich Vladislav, anali, monga mgwirizano, ayenera kupita kwa Chikatolika kuti Orthodoxy.

Mwankhanza, chifukwa m'dzikolo chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa

Pambuyo mphamvu zonse weniweni linachoka mmanja a boma Transitional kwa bwanamkubwa Polish, analandira udindo wa boyar, anamukwiyira mosatonthozeka mwamantha mu dziko. Malinga Vladislav wake anasankha dziko ndi anthu wotchuka mu Russian, amene anakhalabe okhulupirika kwa udindo wake dziko lawo, anagulitsa Zitsulo zimapanga awo zachilengedwe yomweyo. Unachititsa funde la mkwiyo mu dziko. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti nthawi imeneyi maganizo ake ku Poland anasintha ndipo Semiboyarshina.

Mu Nthawi ya Mavuto ulamuliro wapadera mwa anthu anasangalala mutu wa Russian Orthodox mabishopu, Germogen. A patriot woona wa kwawo, iye, ndi thandizo la boyars ndi, anatumiza makalata onse pa Russia, amene amatchedwa kwa chilengedwe cha militias ndi zida kulimbana ndi Aroma omwe ankalamulira dzikolo lapansi. Ngakhale kuti mkulu wa kazembe Polish, iye anali m'ndende ku ndende ya Chudov obisika, kumene posachedwa anafa ndi njala, uthenga wake anakhala kutsogolera chifukwa imene inalipo maalumali wa Minin ndi Pozharsky pansi makoma a Moscow.

Mapeto nthawi Semiboyarshina

Wotsatira 1613 chisankho wachifumu wa mfumu Mikhail Fedorovich, anali mapeto a nthawi wodziwika mu mbiri ya Russia monga Semiboyarshina. Mu ulamuliro wa oimira isanu ndi iwiri ya anthu otchuka apamwamba Moscow zapamwamba kukhala mmodzi wa ovuta kwambiri pa nthawi yonse ya Time ya Mavuto. Akamaliza dziko alowa nyengo yatsopano mbiri.

Akulankhula za chiyambi cha mawu akuti, ndi kutchula maonekedwe ndi mochedwa mawu Semiboyarshina ofunika. Mu Nthawi ya Mavuto ndi zaka ziwiri, mamembala a dongosolo boma wena otchedwa "boyars sedmochislennymi." Monga ntchito lero kwa nthawi yoyamba anasonyeza yekha mu 1813 mu buku AA Bestuzhev-Marly.

Mu mbiri Russian pamaso panali nthawi pamene pakalibe mphamvu mfumuyo anaikira mu manja a mabungwe a boyars. Izi zinachitika makamaka pamene Mfumu anapita kunkhondo kapena ulendo wautali. Iwo anakhala mwambo kulenga izi zosakhalitsa matupi boma la anthu asanu. Analemba za izi mwatsatanetsatane mu zolemba zake za mbiri Russian za m'ma XVII, kalaliki uja adapita akazembe kuti G. K. Kotoshihin.

Kuyesa kupendanso zochitika za m'mbuyomu

Tikumbukenso kuti zisakuyenda funso la chimene Semiboyarshina ndi cholinga chake mu mbiri Russian, anali yosiyana kuwala. Pokhapokha mosapita m'mbali mu nthawi ya Soviet ulamuliro zosakhalitsa ankamuona ngati kuperekedwa, mu maphokoso perestroika nthawi panali mabuku amene kuipitsidwa ndi Zitsulo ankamuona ngati lokha lomveka zamtendere kusuntha umalimbana kupulumutsa dziko ku chisokonezeko wamagazi, ndi kupewa nkhani ya chigonjetso cha Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II.

Masiku ano, kukhala kunja kwa olakwika maganizo, ofufuza ndi mwayi kupereka cholinga zambiri ziyenera a zenizeni zokhudza mbiri ya Kale, imene ukutchulidwa kwambiri Semiboyarshina. Zaka ndi kulekanitsa ife kuchokera pa nyengo kuti si achotsa kwa kukumbukira dziko zoyipa za ntchito yake, koma iwonso saloledwa kuti awapatse momvetsa bwino.