Political ndi umoyo ndi zachuma chitukuko cha Kievan Lazaro

Maziko a ndale a Kievan Lazaro inali mphamvu kalonga, amene anali a Rurik mafumu. Mu IX-X zaka zambirimbiri. iye tinatengera kwa atate mwana. Pamene Vladimir Wamkulu anali ndi mphamvu opatsirana munthu wamkulu m'banja. Ndiye akalonga onse anayamba kulandira cholowa. Mfundo imeneyi ndi maziko a kugawikana andale amene anachitika m'zaka XII.

mphamvu Kalonga

Aliyense cholowa ndi mudzi wa Old Russian boma kenako zasonyeza anawatumiza makamaka nthambi ya Rurik. Mwachitsanzo, Chernihiv anakhala pa ulamuliro wa ana a Svyatoslav Yaroslavovych. Kiev ndi Pereyaslavl anapita Vladimir Monomakh ndi ana ake. Zotsatira, zomwe zinachititsa chitukuko ndale ndi umoyo ndi zachuma a Kievan Yairo, anali pa Lyubech Congress mu 1097 pamene dongosolo lestvichnoy cholowa. Pa nthawi yomweyo, "mayi wa mizinda ya ku Russia" yokhala anakhalabe mudzi waukulu wa Asilavo kum'mawa. Kiev kalonga anavomereza achibale okalamba.

Komabe, mu XI m'ma asilikali Rurikovich kugunda pakati pa ulamuliro zitsulo. Ndi zimenezi zokhumudwitsa zinachititsa onse chitukuko ndale ndi chuma Kievan Lazaro. Mwachidule chitsanzo singalifotokoze zifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, wakula Russian mizinda akuzigawo adzapeza ufulu ku likulu mwamsanga ndipo mosavuta kukhala. Chachiwiri, kuti azingokhala boma Kievan anatsogolera akonzedwa dziko la miyambo atatu zandale: monarchical, lolemera ndipo demokalase.

Rurik ndi apamwamba

Monga chitukuko ndale ndi umoyo ndi zachuma aliyense akale Ulaya wa Kievan Lazaro ankadalira Mafumu. Iwo anatuluka pa chiyambi cha statehood Russian. Kalonga sanali kokha Pokhala mphamvu wamkulu: unachitikira bwalo, ofunitsitsa ndi lamulo ndipo anatsogolera asilikali kudutsa mphamvu zake tinatengera. Mfundo amakhudza onse leni generic Asilavo miyambo ndi makhalidwe yachilendo. Pamodzi ndi chipembedzo wakale boma Russian analanda ambiri andale mu Ufumu wa Byzantine. N'chifukwa chake kalonga anali ankaona ngakhale wotetezera yaikulu ya Tchalitchi cha Orthodox.

Economic ndi ndale chitukuko cha Kievan Lazaro amadziwikanso kudalira akale miyambo lolemera kuti atetezedwe Ankhondo malangizo. Bungweli anali ofunika akalonga womuyenerera mphamvu. Amadziwika kuti mfumu ndi zonse anakambirana ndi anthu otchuka pa nkhani ya mfundo mkati ndi achilendo. The boyars angathamange boma mu mtundu Regency Council ku ubwana oyambirira Prince. Akuluakulu Rurik imanenera kawirikawiri kutsogoza malo awo pa maphwando ndi kusaka.

wamba kulamulira ntchito nthawi zambiri anapereka adani kiyi. zitsanzo zambiri za phukusi la asilikali ndale amadziwika mbiri. Mwachitsanzo, Kiev kalonga Svyatoslav anakana Chikhristu chifukwa cha udindo wa asilikali awo achikunja, odana anali ndi chikhulupiriro Greek.

Lordly kalasi pa nthawi imeneyo sanali chatsekedwa Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira. Achifumu akhoza kukhala aliyense angathe mwamuna ndi ngakhale aganyu. Mu nkhani iyi, boyars sanafunikire akalonga a utumiki. Iwo akhoza kusiya mabwana awo ndi kupitiriza kwa ena Rurikovich (ngakhale kutaya pansi). Amadziwika kuti Vladimir Wamkulu Varangians mwachangu amagawa malo, chifukwa wogonjetsa thandizo lawo Kiev wachifumu.

Veche

Wochititsa mfundo za demokalase ku Old boma Russian unali mzinda Komiti. Iwo amachita ntchito ya nthumwi ndi anthu mwayi kulimbikitsa anasankha ndi boma. Ufulu voti anali chabe amuna (mitu ya mabanja). Maganizo abale osakwatira ankaziona kuti.

Maonekedwe a Komiti monga bungwe zofunika analimbikitsidwa makamaka chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma a Kievan Yairo, kugwirizana ndi kukula kwa alimi a m'tawuni. ammudzi amenewa anapangidwa wa strata zingapo: amalonda, amisiri, atumiki mpingo, makonzedwe a kalonga. Poyamba, Komiti wachita ochimwawo mbali zandale, koma pa nthawi kulemera zikuchulukirachulukira. Nsonga za kufunika kwa misonkhano koteroko sikunachitike mu XI-XIII zaka.

Choyamba akalonga Kievan sitinganyalanyaze maganizo a anthu. Iwo mokakamiza anagwira mumzinda ndi mawonekedwe womwewo wa kuyesetsa omwe anabatizidwa akunja dzulo. Zikatero, chifukwa Komiti akadali chapeza ndithu kulemera ndale? M'kupita kwa nthawi, asilikali okhala m'tawuni analipo ndi mbali yofunika ya kumuwombera lapansi. Komanso, anthu olemera anayamba kupereka akalonga kubwereka ndalama (mwachitsanzo, pa nkhondo yomweyo). Pa Rurik otsiriza nazo zinthu zachuma kugwirizana ndi posadas.

Chifukwa cha zonsezi pang'onopang'ono koma inexorable ndondomeko chinali chifukwa chakuti mu 1068 ku Komiti ya Kiev anasankha kalonga awo mkaidi Vseslav, ndipo mu 1113 anaitanidwa kuti akalamulire Vladimira Monomaha. dongosolo Democratic makamaka amakonda kumpoto. Zinali kwambiri palokha Novgorod veche, amene mu nthawi ya kugawikana ndale anali maziko a Republic Novgorod.

akuluakulu

Mu wina wosakwatiwa Kievan Lazaro mu mzinda uliwonse lalikulu zigawo za kalonga kazembe. maudindo apamwambawa analiko Novgorod, Pereslavl, Vladimir, Chernigov, ndi zina zotero. D. Monga ulamuliro, abwanamkubwa anakhala wapafupi wachibale wa kalonga. Pansi, iwo anachita milandu, kayendetsedwe ndi zachuma ntchito.

City zida zaboma walunjika tysyatskim. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo, iwo anapanga asilikali. Panali otsika mlingo akuluakulu - kukanena ndi desyatskie. Anasonkhanitsa misonkho bata m'maboma akutali. Court ndalama anasonkhana virnikami. Dongosolo Rural lotsogoledwa ndi akulu cha anthu, ndi utsogoleli m'mayiko a kalonga - Tiuna.

osankhika

Social Kapangidwe ka Kievan Lazaro anali osalimba ndi zazikulu - mbali yaikulu ya anthu ndi zaka akhoza kusintha udindo wawo. Pamwamba pa makwerero anali kalonga ndi anamuperekeza wake - banja, retinue, ndi boyars. Kumayambiriro kwa osankhika Old boma Russian kwakukulukulu wapangidwa Scandinavia, akubwera kuchokera Scandinavia kutsatira Rurikovich choyamba. Pang'onopang'ono chiwerengero cha Normandy utachepa. Ena kuphunzira, ena m'malo mwa cholowa East Asilavo.

chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma a Kievan Yairo sakanakhoza kuchita popanda akutchula za udindo waukulu wa zida boma. Mu mtima wake redistribute ndalama kuchokera malonda, ndi zofunkha nkhondo, misonkho ndi zina zotero. D. YAPAMWAMBA maudindo anali bailiffs (ognischan), woyang'anira banja la kalonga (tiuns), Ngopambana pa maphwando (woperekera chikho).

Mpaka m'zaka XII Russia sakuvutika ku feudalism chibadidwe Ulaya. Choncho, ngakhale boyars, ndipo anachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa East Asilavo anthu, iwo sanali palokha eni zigawo zawo. The kumuwombera wamng'ono, pansi pa iye, wotchedwa gululi.

Free anthu ndi akapolo

Avereji stratum chikhalidwe cha Kievan Yairo unalembedwa wa anthu ndi anthu wamba ufulu. Kuti izo anali pafupifupi 75% ya anthu. wosanjikiza wina - amalonda yogwira, popanda zomwe m'posayenera ndi zachuma chitukuko cha Kievan Lazaro. Fotokozani mwachidule kufunika kwa amalonda mungathe osachepera chifukwa chakuti boma anachezera zofunika (ndipo ndithu) chuma zonse pofuna kuteteza njira malonda ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki. Anthu a posadov m'tawuni ogwirizana mudzi. Iwo analemba pamaziko a chigawo malo.

Panokha ufulu wamba amatchedwanso Lyudin ndi madera awo - ndi zingwe. Kuwonjezera iwo m'mudzi analinso smerdy. Chotero anaitana wamba za thupi kalonga. Iwo anagwira ntchito pa dziko la mfumu. Kuyang'aniridwa ndi iwo Tiunov anachita. ndine wapamwamba wa serfs anali pachiopsezo kwambiri mu dziko. Kulakwira iwo anali kulamulidwa ndalama m'munsi. M'mawu ena, udindo wa serfs inaikidwa m'chilamulo zikuluzikulu Kievan Lazaro - Russian Pravda.

Chifukwa chinanso stratum ofufuza amanena ryadovichey. Awa anali anthu wamba antchito kumphatikiza ndi wosanjikiza ina ya anthu. ntchito yawo ndi zopereka zofunika kukula chuma dziko. Ndi anthu ogwira ntchito yokakamiza anakankha amangawa analephera kubweza ngongoleyo awo. The Russian Pravda kuti iwo ali ndi dzina la kugula. Kwa akapolo ankapatsidwa akapolo komanso antchito. Awa anali anthu amene ankatengedwa chuma cha akalonga kapena otchuka ndipo ali ndi zapaderazi zina za ulimi. Mwachitsanzo, kuchitira Klyuchnik akapolo.

Kupatula onse dongosolo anthu anali atsogoleri. Iwo anaonekera kumapeto kwa IX atumwi, pamene Vladimir Wamkulu anabatizidwa Russia ndi chikhristu ndi chipembedzo cha boma. wolowezana zofunika (mabishopu, mabishopu ndi matauni aakulu) kamodzi anali ndi udindo waukulu. Pa nthawi yomweyo pang'onopang'ono anapanga udindo wa Chimonko. riziki Special wakhala ing'onoing'ono national: anthu Ugric, ndi Finns kumpoto ndi kum'mwera zotulutsira wakuda. Kumapeto kwa XI atumwi ku Russia mizu Ayuda. Ambiri a iwo anali otanganidwa ndi katapira ndi olemera. Ayuda kusamuka kuwonjezeka zinachitika kugonjetsedwa kwa Khazars.

Economy and Agriculture

M'mayiko ena oyandikana, chitukuko chuma Kievan Yairo zinali zochokera m'madera angapo kiyi: ulimi, malonda zoweta ndi achilendo, ndi zamanja. Mu IX-X zaka zambirimbiri. panali kusintha Mkhalidwe mu ulimi. Nthawi imeneyi, akale yozama dongosolo ugonere ulimi. mfundo zake pambuyo woyamba mbewu dziko kwa zaka ochepa kuti ugonere. Pa nthawi yomweyo panalibe kusinthana mu kasinthasintha wa.

Mu malo mchitidwewu anabwera dvuhpolnaya ndi atatu munda dongosolo la ntchito dziko. Popanda oyamba ake chitukuko chuma Kievan Lazaro adzakhala chofunika ndi belated. Pamene dongosolo atatu munda pamalo amodzi alternated pakati pa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana: mabanja, kasupe ndi yozizira. Zikomo njira yatsopano ya alimi mbewu kasinthasintha awonjezera zokolola za minda yawo. M'madera kumpoto kwa Asilavo East mu nthawi ino, kulima kale kulakwa pang'ono ndi pang'ono m'malo ndi kulima okhazikika.

Economic chitukuko cha zaka Kievan Lazaro 9-12. Iwo ankadalira pa kukolola mbewu ofunika. Kum'mwera anakula buckwheat ndi tirigu, ndi kumpoto - Mapila, balere, rye. minda munthu zigwire kwa mpiru ndi. mbewu Industrial mwakula ndi ntchito kuluka (hemp ndipo fulakesi). The chida chifungulo cha ntchito kumpoto anali pulawo. Mu alimi m'ma XII akufa pochita khasu matabwa angwiro powonjezera zitsulo ploughshare.

Kodi wina zimakhudza kwambiri kutukula wa Kievan Lazaro? Agriculture sipangakhalenso popanda mahatchi. Zinali iwo amene kukoka pulawo. Komanso, akavalo atha asilikali. kulima awo wakhala mbali yofunika ya Russian chuma wakale. ng'ombe yaikulu a banja kalonga. Komabe coexisted ulimi ndi kulera ng'ombe. Onkhetsani zonse mafakitale awa, chitukuko chuma Kievan Lazaro ndi Old Russian boma ndi zovuta m'zigawozigawo ndondomeko, amene adakali akuphunziridwa ndi akatswiri.

Kusaka, nsomba, ulimi wa njuchi

Kuwonjezera zaulimi, makamaka chitukuko chuma Kievan Lazaro anali kugwirizana ndi kusaka. Iwo anali ankachitira zinthu ndi anthu osiyana kwambiri. Pakuti boyars ndi akalonga kusaka zinali zosangalatsa. Koma anthu a m'madera nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango steppe icho chinali njira ndalama ndi chakudya. Tsitsi ankagwiritsa ntchito posoka zovala zotentha, ndi kuwombola zachuma ndi anansi (tsintho). Kwa alenje katundu anthu ena munthu akhoza kulandira chabwino chachikulu kapena chilango ogwirika (yemweyo amapita kupha kusaka agalu ndi kusaka kuwonongeka kwa Intaneti).

Economic chitukuko cha Kievan Yairo sakanakhoza kuchita wopanda nsomba. Iwo ankasakidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mitsinje ndi mitsinje, chimene nthawizonse wakhala muyeso wa East European Plain. Komanso mu Kievan Lazaro ambiri zinachitika Bortnychi chuma. Ngati mlimi tagged mtengo monga kugwira ntchito, izo zili mu kutetezedwa ndi lamulo. Aonongedwa chizindikiro cha mwini kudikira mng'oma kwa chabwino hryvnia 12.

malonda

Zamanja ndi kusaka anapereka mankhwala ambiri ku msika yakunja. Tumizani wa Kievan Lazaro inkakhala makamaka mbewu za ulimi ndi chuma nkhalango. Mu X atumwi asangalala malonda ndi Byzantium. Ahelene Oriental Asilavo anagulitsa uchi, phula, tsitsi, tirigu ndi akapolo. Monga malipiro awo, Kievan Lazaro amalonda analandira khama mafano awo, zodzikongoletsera, zipatso ndi silika. Komanso nthawizonse zakhala malonda mosangalatsa ndi Kummawa ndi Kumadzulo Europe.

Chifukwa cha malonda opindulitsa mu Constantinople panali kuthetsa mavuto onse a amalonda alendo ochokera Kiev. Mizinda German ndipo Scandinavia kale anali ndi Novgorod. Popanda anthu awa akhama ndi mtima chitukuko chuma Kievan Lazaro anali anapindula tempo ndi zomwe dziko zachitika mu zaka za kukhulupirika ndale ndi kukhazikika.

Khalani amalonda m'mayiko ena akhala malamulo ndi mapangano malonda. Mwachitsanzo, ndi mabuku amenewa anasaina Byzantine mu 907 ndi 944, ndipo ndi Volga Bulgaria - mu 1006, pamodzi ndi ndondomeko n'zosiyana zinachitika. Mu Russia, amalonda yachilendo kuthetsedwa. Germany ndipo Dutch ( "anthu Latin") analengedwa Novgorod wamalonda kuseli. Mu Kiev, panali madera a Chigiriki ndi amalonda Chiameniya. Suzdal ndi Volga wake anali ankamasulira ndi malonda ndi mitundu Eastern, Bulgars, Caucasians ndi anthu a Khorezm. Mu Kiev enclave Tmutorakan anafika Persian ndi katundu Chijojiya.

Chifukwa zowawa chitukuko chuma Kievan Lazaro? Mwachidule mavuto waukulu zikhoza kuchepetsedwa nkhondo, komanso kuba ndi kuba amalonda 'mgugu anthu. " Anyakugulisa yonyamula katundu pakati pa mayiko osiyanasiyana, kupanga katundu ndi mgwirizano mu bungwe kuteteza ufulu wawo. guilds amenewa zonse akagona ndi boma ndi msonkho revenues. Mu Novgorod, kuti zimenezi zitheke, anakhazikitsa wamalonda "mazana". The ambiri otchuka ndi olemera amalonda anali mu dera mwayi. Kuti tilowe mu ilo, kunali koyenera kupereka zingati polowera (za makumi asanu siliva hryvnia). Malonda bwino anatuluka ngati malamulo mwalamulo kumangako mu "Russian Choonadi" Yaroslava Mudrogo. Makamaka mu chikalata ichi kwa nthawi yoyamba anapeza nkhani za bankirapuse.

zamanja

Palibe kukaika kuti chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma a Kievan Lazaro ankadalira osati kunja, komanso malonda zoweta. injini Aika anali Chotsimikizika. Mu Kievan Lazaro, panali 40 minda amenewa. Iwo anali anthu osema miyala, mitengo, mlatho omanga opanga njerwa, shipbuilders. Makamaka chikuzika ntchito ya anthu, kuukitsa mipingo woyamba Russian Orthodox. Akatswiri ambiri ataphunzitsidwa kunja, kotero kuti yekha inapita patsogolo chitukuko chuma Kievan Lazaro. Ufiti asangalala m'midzi. kuluka ankakonda akumidzi. Kufunika kwa mankhwala nsalu anakula ndi kuchuluka.

Wina ntchito yapamwamba anali blacksmithing. Nkhondo, omveka ndi akalonga a zida mbuye anapanga; anthu okhalamo ndipo alimi - mkuwa ndi zipangizo chitsulo. chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma a Kievan Lazaro akukankhira patsogolo ndi wamakono wa ulimi, ndi ndondomeko izi sizikanatheka popanda zida apamwamba.

The mbiya mu X atumwi stucco njira anagwetsa njinga woumba mbiya. Ponseponse mu Russia analandira ceramic tableware. Mibadwomibadwo kuti amanoledwa luso lawo East Asilavo jewelers. Old Russian mwambo ankadziwika m'mayiko ambiri njira yake yapadera ya filigree, beading ndi T. D.