Umboni za chiyambi cha munthu ndi nyama. Chiphunzitso chatsopano za chiyambi cha munthu

Umboni wa munthu kuchokera pa chiyambi nyama momveka kutsimikizira chiphunzitso zinachokera Charles Darwin. kachitidwe ka maganizo pa anthropogenesis, amene anayamba kupanga Kale, lasintha kwambiri pa nthawi.

Biology: Origins Human

Aristotle ankakhulupirira kuti makolo a sapiens Homo ndi nyama. Ndi maganizo akugwirizana ndi wasayansi Galen. Pakati pa munthu ndi nyama iwo anatenga anyani. ziphunzitso zawo anapitiriza kudziwika taxonomist Karl Linney. Iye anasankha mtundu yoyenera ndi mtundu okha wa "munthu wanzeru". Zhan Batist Lamark ananena kuti anali linali chinthu chofunika kwambiri anthropogenesis. Chopereka kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso cha Darwin wapanga potchula umboni wosatsutsika chiyambi cha munthu ndi nyama.

Anthropogenesis malo mu njira zingapo motsatizana. Izi wakale, wakale ndi oyambirira ano anthu. Komanso, pali umboni kuti iwo coexisted ndi mzake, kupikisana mwachangu. Anthu ambiri wakale sanamange nyumba, koma anali kupereka zipangizo mwala ndipo anali zoyambira za kulankhula. The Generation Next - ndi Neanderthal. Iwo ankakhala mu magulu, anathanso kupanga zovala kuchokera m'matumba achikopa ndi zida zopangidwa fupa. Cro-Magnons - woyamba anthu amakono, ankakhala m'nyumba kapena mapanga kudziletsa anamanga. Iwo aphunzira kale mbiya, anayamba domesticate nyama zakutchire ndi kukula zomera. Umboni wa kusintha zamoyo zinachita ndi zotsatira za zofukulidwa paleontological, kufanana mu embryology, thunthu ndi kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe wa anthu ndi nyama.

zokwiriridwa anapeza

Asayansi akhala chidwi nkhani imeneyi. Chiyambi cha munthu ndi nyama makamaka kutsimikizira mafupawa awo anapezeka ndi zokwiriridwa. Pakati pawo pali mitundu ofanana ano, ndi mitundu Transitional. Mwachitsanzo, Archeopteryx - yascheroptitsa. Pakuti munthu izo avtralo- ndi driopithecus. Ambiri, malasha umboni umasonyeza kuti dziko organic ndi kupita kwa nthawi amakhala zovuta. The chifukwa cha zimenezi ndi mwamuna ano.

umboni biogeography

chakuti munthu kusanduka kuchokera ku anyani, ndi umboni wa sayansi kuti amaphunzira kufalitsa Earth zomera ndi nyama. anamutcha biogeography. Asayansi apeza chitsanzo yotsimikizika: moyo view mwa madera akutali a dziko limene ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi anthu ena ndipo amapezeka kokha mkati osiyanasiyana ena. The ndondomeko ya kusanduka yawo ngati inaimitsidwa. mitundu amatchedwa relict. Zitsanzo za platypus ku Australia, Tuatara ku New Zealand, bilobate ginkgo ku China ndi Japan. Mu Anthropology, nayenso, ndikuona. Ichi ndi chimodzi cha zinsinsi chidwi kwambiri zachilengedwe - ndi snowman.

Kufanana chitukuko embryonic

Umboni za chiyambi cha munthu pa zifukwa nyama ndi embryology. Iwo maziko makamaka chakuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mbali zofanana chitukuko embryonic. Choncho, mazira a chordates onse ofanana mu anatomical ndi morphological dongosolo. Ali ndi notochord, chubu ubongo ndi slits gill mu mmero. Ndipo mu njira ya chitukuko, aliyense wa iwo amatenga pa makhalidwe munthu. Anthu, chubu ubongo adziwonetsa ubongo ndi msana, ndi poyambira m'zigawo za mafupa, ndipo gill slits ndi atachuluka, kulola chitukuko mosavuta.

umboni poyerekeza-anatomical

Features ya kapangidwe mkati mwa zamoyo akuphunzira Baibulo zamoyo. Chiyambi cha munthu ndi nyama zikutsimikizira kufanana dongosolo anthu ndi nyama wamba. Akuluakulu ena ndi magazi. Iwo ndi dongosolo wamba, koma ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ndi kutsogolo nthambi mbalame, zipsepse zomatira ndi manja a munthu. Anthu, pali achikalekale, underdeveloped ziwalo, zomwe m'kupita kwa kusanduka ataya phindu zinchito. Izi mano nzeru, coccygeal fupa, ndi chikope lachitatu, minofu zimene zimayenda makutu propelling tsitsi. Ngati njira ya chitukuko embryonic zikuchitika matenda, ziwalo zimenezi angathe mokwanira. chodabwitsa amenewa amatchedwa atavism. Zitsanzo zake ndi multimammate, mosalekeza maonekedwe a tsitsi, underdevelopment ya ubongo kotekisi, maonekedwe a mchira.

Kufanana kwa karyotypes ndi

Chibadwa komanso limasonyeza kuti munthu kusanduka kuchokera ku anyani. Choyamba, ndi munthu diploid ya DNA. Mu anyani , iye ndi 48, pamene anthu a mitundu Homo sapiens - 46. Izi wosatsutsika umboni wa chiyambi cha munthu ndi nyama. A peyala 13 DNA ndi ofanana. Komanso, kufanana ndi kwa amino asidi mamolekyulu ndondomeko nyama ya anthu ndi chimpanzi ukufika 99%.

Khwelero mu zamoyo wa

Charles Darwin ankayambitsa ndi chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe zinthu za zamoyo wa munthu. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo kulimbana kukhalapo, kusankha zamoyo ndi kusintha chibadwa. Pa maziko awo, kukulitsa zinthu chikhalidwe - kuchita, cikhalidwe, mawu apadera ndi maganizo chabe. Charles Darwin ankaganiza choncho.

Pankhaniyi, munthu yamakono anapeza ziwalo imene kuwafika chimake cha kusanduka. Izi kuwonjezeka oziziritsa ndi kuchepetsa dera nkhope ya Chibade, thorax, flattened mu dorsoventrally. Large dzanja anthu chala zotsutsana ndi ena kuti amagwirizana ndi luso ntchito. An zasintha wakhala ndi bipedalism. Choncho, msana ali anayi yosalala unakhota, ndi phazi arched. Imakhala cushioning pamene galimoto. Mafupa a mafupa a chiuno watenga mawonekedwe a mbale, ngati akuona kuti mavuto ziwalo zonse za mkati. Mogwirizana mkubwela kwa mawu akufotokozera mu cartilages ya m'phuno ndi Mitsemphayi.

Pali chiphunzitso chatsopano za chiyambi cha munthu. Malinga ndi munthu uyu anachokera kwa anyani wa Miocene. peculiarity ake kuti mpaka dziko lapansi liri zaka mamilioni ankakhala madzi. Umboni wa mfundo imeneyi ndi angathe kugwira mpweya awo kwa nthawi yaitali, inspiratory ndipo anapitiriza padziko. M'zaka zaposachedwapa zatchuka kwambiri madzi kubadwa. Gululi njira ino amakhulupirira kuti mwana kuli bwino kwambiri zinthu zimene zinali pa mimba.

M'dziko zambiri mbali ndi adani a chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha munthu ndi nyama. Komabe, umboni wa dongosolo lino la maganizo pa anthropogenesis mokwanira ambiri ndi wokhutiritsa.