Velikiy Ioann Paulo 2: yonena, moyo, mbiri ndi ulosi

Moyo wa Karolya Voytyly, amene dziko lapansi amadziwa dzina lake John Paul 2, ndipo anadzazidwa ndi zinthu zoipa ndipo woterowo. Iye anali woyamba papa ndi mizu Asilavo. dzina lake kumayambitsa nyengo zopambana. Mu ofesi, Papa Yohane Paulo 2 wasonyeza kuti womenya mosatopa ndi kuponderezedwa zandale ndiponso anthu. Ambiri mwa mawu ake onse amene amathandiza ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ufulu, anatembenuka mu chizindikiro cha nkhondo yolimbana authoritarianism.

ubwana

Karol Yuzef Voytyla, tsogolo kwambiri John Paul 2, anabadwira m'mudzi wina waung'ono pafupi Kraków mu banja nkhondo. Abambo ake, mkulu wa Polish Army, anali katswiri wa Chijeremani ndi mwana mwadongosolo ophunzitsidwa. Mayi wa pontifi tsogolo - mphunzitsi, iye anali, malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, anali Chiyukireniya. Ndi zoona kuti makolo a John Paul 2 magazi Asilavo, mwina anafotokoza mfundo kuti Papa anadziwa ndi kulemekezedwa zonse zimene zimagwiritsa chinenero Russian ndi chikhalidwe. Pamene iye anali usinkhu wa zaka eyiti, iye mayi ake anamwalira, ndipo anamwalira ali ndi zaka khumi ndi mchimwene wake. Monga mwana, mnyamata ankakonda bwalo lamasewera. Iye ankafuna kuti akule ndi kukhala wojambula, ndi zaka 14, ngakhale analemba kusewera yakuti "Mfumu Mzimu."

achinyamata

Mu 1938, John Paul II, amene yonena nsanje cha Mkhristu aliyense amene anamaliza maphunziro ake kukoleji natenga tingachipeze powerenga chinsinsi cha miromazaniya. Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, Karol anaphunzira ndithu bwinobwino. Atamaliza maphunziro ake sekondale pamaso pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, anapitiriza maphunziro ake pa Kraków Jagiellonian University ku mphamvu ya Polish Studies.

Kwa zaka zinayi, anatha pochitika philology, mabuku kulemba Church ndipo ngakhale ndizosowa chinenero cha Chirasha. Monga wophunzira, Karol Wojtyla analembetsa msonkhano zisudzo. Pa ntchito ya aphunzitsi mmodzi wa mayunivesite otchuka mu Europe anatumizidwa ku ndende ndende, ndi makalasi yatha. Koma papa tsogolo anapitiriza maphunziro ake ndi kupita makalasi mobisa. Ndipo osati kuti zitumizidwe ku Germany, ndipo iye sakanakhoza kusunga bambo ake, amene Aroma omwe ankalamulira dzikolo kudula penshoni, mnyamatayu anapita kukagwira ntchito ku miyala pafupi Kraków, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku chomera mankhwala.

mapangidwe

Mu 1942 Karol analembetsa maphunziro maphunziro ambiri Theological Seminary, amene opareshoni mobisa mu Kraków. Mu 1944, bishopu Stefan Sapieha chitetezo zifukwa anasamukira Wojtyla ndi angapo zina "oletsedwa" ophunzira boma diocesan, kumene ntchito mu nyumba yachifumu alikibishopu mpaka mapeto a nkhondo. Khumi a zinenero bwino Yohane Paulo II, biographies a oyera, zana ndi akatswiri zamulungu ndipo nthanthi ntchito, komanso encyclicals khumi ndi mabuku asanu olembedwa ndi iye, mmodzi wa pontiffs kwambiri otsalira.

Kutumikira mpingo

Woyamba wa November 1946 Wojtyla chidakonzeka ndi svyaschenniki.Bukvalno masiku angapo kenako, iye anapita ku Roma kukapitiriza maphunziro ake zamulungu. Mu 1948 anali kufotokoza nkhani yolembedwa wake digirii ntchito za reformate Carmine, Spanish zongoganiza za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi St. John ya Mtanda. Pambuyo pake, Carol kunyumba, gle anaikidwa wothandizira kwa rector wa Negovich parishi m'mudzi kum'mwera Poland.

Mu 1953, pa University Jagiellonian pontifi lotsatira kumbuyo zolemba pamaphunziro wina pa nkhani ya mwayi kuphunzira chikhalidwe Mkhristu zochokera koyenela dongosolo Scheler. Mu October chaka chomwecho adayamba kuphunzitsa zamulungu makhalidwe abwino, koma posakhalitsa Polish chikominisi boma anatseka luso. Wojtyla adafunsa kutsogolera dipatimenti ya chikhalidwe pa University Catholic mu Ljubljana.

Mu 1958, Papa Pius XII anamuika Wothandiza Bishop mu Archdiocese ya Kraków. Mu September chaka chomwecho Kudzozedwa wake. Mwambo bishopu wamkulu wa Lviv anapanga Bazyak. Koma pambuyo pa imfa yake mu 1962, Wojtyla anasankhidwa Woimira Kapitulna.

Kuyambira 1962 mpaka 1964 yonena choyamba cha Yohane Paulo 2 kumagwirizana ndi Council Chachiwiri Vatican. Iye anatenga gawo mu magawo onse, msonkhano ndi ndiye papa John XXIII. Mu 1967, Papa tsogolo anakwezedwa kadinala ansembe. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Paulo VI mu 1978, Karol Wojtyla anali anakuvoterani mu Msonkhano wapadera, monga chifukwa chimene anasankhidwa Papa Yohane Paulo I. Koma mu wathawu masiku makumi atatu zapita. Mu October 1978 adatenga Msonkhano wapadera latsopano. gulu anagawikana m'magulu awiri. Ena kumbuyo bishopu wamkulu wa Genoa Dzhuzeppe mtsikana wotchedwa Siri, wotchuka chifukwa cha maganizo ake ndiwofatsa, pamene ena - Giovanni Benelli, amene ankatchedwa owolowa manja a. Usakhale kugwirizana ndi m'kupita Msonkhano wapadera anasankha kukondera phungu amene anakhala Karol Wojtyla. Pa inalowa wake mpando wachifumu wa papa, iye anatenga dzina la kuloŵedwa m'malo.

makhalidwe

Papa Yohane Paulo 2, amene yonena wakhala ogwirizana ndi mpingo, ndinakhala papa mu m'badwo pyatidesyativosmiletnem. Monga kuloŵedwa m'malo mwake adafuna kuti wosalira positi pontifi, makamaka, osauka ake ena makhalidwe yachifumu. Mwachitsanzo, iye anadzitcha papa, ntchito akuti "Ine", iye anakana coronation, m'malo amene anali chabe kukhala pampando wachifumu. Iye sanayambe ankavala tiara ndipo akunena kuti ndi mtumiki wa Mulungu.

nthawi eyiti John Paul 2 anapita kwawo. Iye anachita mbali yaikulu kuti kusintha kwa boma Poland mu 1980s mochedwa zinachitika popanda kuwombera limodzi. Pambuyo pokambirana ndi General Jaruzelski otsiriza mwamtendere m'manja utsogoleri wa dziko Valencia, kale anakwanitsa kufika madalitso apapa chifukwa kusintha demokalase.

kuyesa

Chakhumi ndi chitatu May 1981 moyo wa John Paul II pafupifupi linathyoka. Tsiku lomwelo, pa St. Square. Peter mu Vatican anaphedwa iye. Yoimba membala wa Turkey mpaka pomwe monyanyira Mehmet Agca. Zigawenga kwambiri anavulazidwa pontifi mmimba. Iye anamangidwa pomwepo pa powonekera. Patapita zaka ziwiri, Bambo anga anabwera Agca mu ndende pamene iye anali kutumikira moyo wake wonse. The wolakwiridwa ndiponso wolakwira mnzake kwa nthawi yaitali za chinachake, koma kulankhula za kukambirana za awo, John Paul 2 sanafune ngakhale pang'ono, iye anati anamukhululukira.

maulosi

Kenako, iye anazindikira kuti chipolopolo anachotsa dzanja la amayi a Mulungu. Ndipo chifukwa kuti anakhala wotchuka ulosi wa Fatima mwa Namwali Mariya, amene anadziwa John. ulosi 2 Paulo Lady athu, makamaka otsiriza ali chidwi kuti Yoswa phunziro kwa zaka zambiri. Ndipotu maulosi anali atatu: woyamba akunena za nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse wachiwiri mawonekedwe ophiphiritsa nkhawa ulimi mu Russia.

Koma ulosi wachitatu mwa Namwali Mariya, ndiye kwa nthawi yaitali wakhala mutu wa nkhambakamwa ndi tingaganize nkhambakamwa, zomwe sizodabwitsa: The Vatican yakhala namgwira Iye mseri kwambiri. The Catholic atsogoleri apamwamba ngakhale anauzidwa kuti iyo nthawizonse kukhala chinsinsi. Only Papa Yohane Paulo 2 Anthu anaganiza kuti atsegule chithunzi otsiriza Fatima ulosi. Iye wakhala yodziwika ndi zochita mtima. Mwina chakhumi ndi chitatu, tsiku la vosmidesyatitrehletiya wake, iye anati iye sanaone mfundo za kufunika kusunga zinsinsi za Virgin Mary maulosi. Vatican Mlembi wa State ambiri ananena kuti Lucia analemba sisitere, amene ali mwana ndipo anali Tikuoneni Maria. lipoti ananena kuti Virgin Mary ananenera ofera panjira imene Papa adzakhala mazana makumi awiri, ngakhale chiwembucho Yohane Paulo II, changwiro Turkey zigawenga Ali Agdzhoy.

zaka pontificate

Mu 1982, iye anakomana ndi Yasser Arafat. Patapita chaka chimodzi, John Paul II anapita Roma Lutheran Church. Iye anakhala papa woyamba anayesa kuchita stepi ino. Mu December 1989 papa kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya Vatican akulandira mtsogoleri Soviet. Iwo anali Mikhail Gorbachev.

khama, maulendo ambirimbiri padziko lonse afooketse mutu wa thanzi Vatican. Mu July 1992, pontifi analengeza hospitalization wake pafupi. Mu Yohane Paulo II iye anapezeka ndi chotupa mu matumbo, zomwe zinayenera kuchotsedwa. opaleshoni inayenda bwino, ndipo posakhalitsa pontifi anabwerera ku moyo chake chachibadwa.

Patapita chaka chimodzi, anali kuonetsetsa kuti pakati pa Vatican ndi Israel anakhazikitsa asapita zamtendere. Mu April 1994, pontifi kugwera. Kunapezeka kuti anali zikukhudza femoral khosi. Akatswiri Independent kuti zinali ndiye kuti Yohane Paulo 2 anayamba matenda Parkinson.

Koma ngakhale matenda aakulu sasiya pontifi mu kukhazikitsa mtendere wake. Mu 1995, iye anapempha chikhululuko tsoka limene Akatolika m'mbuyomu anapangitsa okhulupirira a zipembedzo zina. Patapita caka cimodzi ndi hafu maulendo pontifi mtsogoleri Cuba Castro. Mu 1997, Papa akubwera Sarajevo, kumene m'mawu ake ananena za tsoka la nkhondo ya pachiweniweni m'dzikolo ndi vuto Ulaya. Ulendo uno, njira ya m'nthawi yake motorcade anali minefields.

Chaka chomwecho, Papa akadzafika mu Bologna ku konsati thanthwe, lomwe limaoneka ngati womvera a. Patapita miyezi ingapo, John Paul 2, amene yonena mwadzaza okhazikitsa mtendere, ulendo wa ubusa ndi gawo la chikominisi Cuba. Mu Havana, kukumana ndi Castro, anadzudzula ziletso pa za chuma ndi dziko ndi mtsogoleri apatsira mndandanda wa akaidi mazana atatu ndale. Kukwaniritsidwa kwa ulendo umenewu amakhala misa kuti papa amathera pa utasintha Square ku likulu la Cuba, kumene akupita kwa anthu pa milioni. Pambuyo kuchoka kwa Papa akuluakulu anamasulidwa oposa theka la akaidi.

Mu awiri chaka masauzande, Papa akadzafika mu Israeli, kumene mu Yerusalemu pa Western Wall kwa nthawi yaitali kupemphera. Mu 2002, ku Damasiko, Yohane Paulo II anapita mzikiti. Iye akukhala papa woyamba, amene akufuna kuchita zimenezo.

kukhazikitsa mtendere

Podzudzula nkhondo zonse ndi mwachangu kumatsutsa iwo, mu 1982, pa vuto la Islands ndi Falkland, pontifi anapita United Kingdom ndi Argentina, kukudandaulirani m'mayiko amenewa kukhazikitsa mtendere. Mu 1991, Papa limaletsa nkhondo ya Perisiya. Pamene mu 2003 ku Iraq nkhondo inayambika, John Paul 2 anatumiza Cardinal ku Vatican pa ntchito mtendere Baghdad. Komanso, anadalitsa kazembe wina kucheza ndi ndiye US pulezidenti Chitsamba Choyaka. Mu msonkhanowo, nthumwi yake anakauza boma US mtima lakuthwa, m'malo zoipa pontifi kuti nkhondo ya Iraq.

maulendo utumwi

John Paul 2 anapita m'mayiko pafupifupi zana ndi makumi atatu pa maulendo ake akunja. Koposa zonse, adadza ku Poland - maulendo asanu ndi atatu. Mu United States ndi France, pontifi anali maulendo asanu. Mu Spain ndipo Mexico, zinali kasanu. ulendo wake anali ndi cholinga chomwecho: iwo umalimbana kulimbikitsa kulimbitsa udindo wa Chikatolika padziko lonse, komanso kukhazikitsa maulalo ndi zipembedzo zina, makamaka ndi Chisilamu ndi Chiyuda. Kulikonse Papa anatsutsa chiwawa, kumemeza ufulu wa anthu ndi kumakana m'maulamuliro opondereza.

Ambiri, pamene anali pa mutu wa Vatican Papa anayenda makilomita oposa miliyoni. loto lake zosakwanira anakhalabe ulendo dziko lathu. Mu ulamuliro wa chikominisi ku Soviet Union, ulendo wake sikunali kotheka. Atagwa ulendo Iron Katani ngakhale zinali zotheka ndale, koma anachita ndi ulendo pontifi, mpingo Orthodox Russian.

kumwalira

John Paul 2 anafa pa chaka eyite-wachisanu wa moyo. Zikwi za anthu anagona ku Loweruka Lamlungu wachiwiri April 2005 kutsogolo kwa Vatican, lofunikawo chikumbukiro ntchito, mawu ndi chifaniziro cha munthu uyu chodabwitsa. Pa St. Peter anali kuyatsa makandulo ndipo chete analamulira, ngakhale nambala yaikulu olira.

maliro

Tsalani bwino kuti Yohane Paulo II inali imodzi mwa miyambo wotchuka kwambiri mu mbiri aposachedwapa a anthu. Pa mapemphero maliro panafika anthu zikwi mazana atatu, aulendo miliyoni anayi anachita papa ku moyo wosatha. okhulupirira oposa biliyoni a zipembedzo zonse kupemphera kwa wogoneka mizimu ya akufa, chiwerengero cha amaonetsa amene anaonera mwambowu pa TV, kuwerenga zosatheka. Pokumbukira mwambo wake countryman ndalama "John Paul 2" linatulutsidwa mu Poland.