Zombo za ku Columbus: mutu, malongosoledwe. Sitima ya Columbus 'Santa Maria. "Nina" Sitima Hristofora Kolumba

"Columbus anatulukira America, woyendetsa wamkulu" - monga iwo amati nyimbo imodzi ... Komabe, pamaso panu anayamba kupalasa Wofufuzayo wotchuka kwa zaka zambiri anali kufunafuna ndalama kwa ankapitabe awo. Ngakhale olemekezeka ambiri a nthawi Hristofora Kolumba ntchito anasangalala, kuonetsetsa ndalama kwa kukhazikitsa, iwo anali mofulumira ayi. Komabe, anatulukira tsogolo anali munthu wachangu, ndipo komabe kusonkhanitsa ndalama zofunika, ndi zokuzira kunja zombo atatu, omwe ali chodabwitsa chake nkhani.

Hristofor Kolumb

Tisanaphunzire za zombo, amene anapanga ulendo wake lodziwika bwino Columbus, tiyenera kukumbukira kuyenda panyanja kwambiri.

Hristofor Kolumb anabadwa mu 1451 ku Republic of Genoa. mtundu wake asayansi makamaka usavutike mtsutso. Christopher yekha ankaona Spanish kuyenda panyanja, monga Spain outfitted ulendo wake. Komabe, zinthu zosiyanasiyana akananena kuti ku Italy, Chikatalani ndipo ngakhale Myuda amene Chikristu.

Mulimonsemo, munthu Columbus anali katswiri, amene anamupatsa mpata kupeza maphunziro abwino pa University ya mzinda ku Italy Pavia. Ataphunzira Christopher anakhala zambiri kusambira. Nthawi zambiri, iye anachita nawo maulendo malonda apanyanja. Mwina ndi chifukwa entrainment za m'madzi kuyenda naintini Columbus anakwatira mwana wa munthu wofufuza wotchuka Dona Felipe De Palestrello.

Pamene anatulukira tsogolo la America makumi awiri ndi zitatu, anayamba kukhala ndi makalata wachangu wotchuka Florence katswiri Paolo Toscanelli, yemwe anamuuza lingaliro la ulendo India kuwoloka nyanja ya Atlantic.

Nditakhala kuwerengetsera awo, Hristofor Kolumb ankakhulupirira kuyenerera kwa cholembera mnzako wake. Choncho, mu zaka zingapo zotsatira analolera ntchito kuyenda anthu ambiri olemera a Genoa. Koma iwo sanali kumulemekeza iye, ndipo anakana kulipirira.

Pokhumudwa ndi Nationals, Columbus amapereka kulinganiza kukaona Mfumu ya Portugal, ndipo pambuyo olemekezeka, atsogoleri a Spain. Koma patapita nthawi, ndipo palibe amene ali ndi kuonetsetsa ndalama polojekiti Columbus. Mosimidwa, ndi kuyenda panyanja anatembenuka ngakhale kwa mfumu British, koma onse pachabe. Ndipo pamene iye anali akufuna kusamukira ku France ndi apo kuyesa mwayi awo, ndi Spanish Mfumukazi Isabella anayamba ndalama maulendowa.

Columbus kuyenda

Onse Wofufuzayo wamkulu anapanga ulendo anayi ku Ulaya ndi America. Onsewo ikuchitika nthawi kuchokera 1492 mpaka 1504.

Pa maulendowa woyamba wa Columbus naye atapita za anthu zana pa zombo atatu. Total ulendo wozungulira panapita miyezi pafupifupi isanu ndi iwiri ndi theka. Pa ulendo uno, ofufuza anapeza chilumba cha Cuba, Haiti ndi Bahamas mu Caribbean. Columbus anatulukira dziko kwa zaka zambiri, yotchedwa West Indies. Alimiwa, ofufuza ena amati cholinga cha ulendo wa Columbus sanali India, ndi Japan.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, chifukwa mikangano osiyanasiyana m'dziko idalekeka kukhala chuma chokha cha Spanish Korona ndipo anagawanika pakati pa mayiko a ku Ulaya apanyanja.

Pamene Christopher anali maulendowa wachitatu wa Vasco da Gama anapeza njira yeniyeni India, zimene zinawachititsa manyazi pa mbiri ya Columbus chinyengo. Kenako, wofufuza kwambiri maunyolo anatumizidwa kunyumba, ndipo anafuna kuti aweruze, koma Spanish Mwalemera kale ndalama wabwino pa dziko lotseguka, Columbus kumbuyo ndi wotetezedwa amasulidwe.

Kuyesa kuonetsa mlandu wawo, kuyenda panyanja anatenga ulendo chachinayi, imene potsiriza kwa Africa la America.

Panopo zaka, moyo wa Hristofor Kolumb anayesa kupeza mutu wa otchuka, anam'patsa korona banja, ndi mafumu Spanish, komanso mwayi wa maiko onse. Komabe, iye sanali kusamalira kuchita izo. Pambuyo pa imfa ya mabwinja anatulukira ndi perezahoronyali kangapo, kotero kuti tsopano pali zingapo zotheka manda Hristofora Kolumba.

Atatu Columbus m'chombo (Karakka ndi caravels)

Pamene Hristofor Kolumb chidakupangitsani potsiriza ndalama ulendo wake woyamba, iye ankachita nawo ntchito yokonza sitima.

Choyamba kunali kofunika kudziwa chiwerengero. Popeza kampani yake inali yowopsa kwambiri, akonzekeretse ilibe lalikulu anali mtengo. Pa nthawi yomweyo zombo limodzi kapena awiri - pang'ono kwambiri. Choncho, anaganiza kuti akonzekeretse mayunitsi atatu. Kodi zombo za ku Columbus? Chief pakati pawo - Karakka "Santa Maria", ndipo caravels awiri, "Nina" ndi "Pinta".

Karakka ndi caravel - ndichiyani?

Sitimayo Hristofora Kolumba 'Santa Maria' ndi mtundu anali Karakka. Choncho tapita lofala 15-16 zaka TH, sitima kwa masts 3-4. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ku Ulaya anali yaikulu pa nthawi. Monga ulamuliro, zombo zimenezi mwaufulu anaika mazana asanu mpaka chikwi. Ngati timaona kuti anthu onsewo ngalawa atatu Columbus anali anthu zana, mwinamwake, "Santa Maria" anali Karakka yaing'ono.

zombo zina Columbus (dzina lawo "Nina" ndi "Pinta") anali caravels. Izi chotengera 2-3 Posakhalitsa wamba mu zaka zomwezo. Mosiyana Karakka, iwo anali zochepa yoti Maulendo yaitali. Komabe, iwo nthawi zambiri kuuluka, ndi wosavuta ndiponso ndilotsika mtengo posachedwa iwo mokondera atathamangitsidwa bulky karakki.

"Santa Maria" Sitima Columbus a

Ngati chithunzi cha kuyenda panyanja kwambiri, ndi maonekedwe a zombo atatu oyamba ndiribe waliteteza. Kufotokozera za Columbus zombo, komanso dongosolo lawo, m'malo waukali ndiponso tingaphunzire kuchokera m'mawu a pakuona anapulumuka patapita zaka zambiri kapena mfundo asayansi.

Monga mwawamba, "Santa Maria" anali yaing'ono limodzi-sitimayo Karakka ndi masts atatu. Amaganiza kuti kutalika kwa sitimayo anali mamita 25, ndipo m'lifupi -. 8 mamita Choyesera zinali za 1200 chombo kugwira anali 3 mamita mwakuya, ndi pa sitimayo anali Anachotsa kudalira, cabins munali ndi zipinda zosungiramo .. M'galimoto anali nsanja triangular.

"Santa Maria" (m'chombo Columbus a) anali okonzeka ndi mfuti angapo a calibers zosiyanasiyana zoti achite moto mipira mwala. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti m'mabuku ake kuyenda panyanja nthawi otchedwa flagship ake Karakka, ndi caravel. Flagship wa Columbus chombo a Juan de La Ko, amenenso anali mkulu wake.

Tsogolo la "Santa Maria"

Mwatsoka, "Santa Maria" sanali zoyembekezeka kubwerera kwawo ku Spain mwamsanga mu December 1492 woyamba, pa ulendo woyamba, flagship wa Columbus anakhala pa miyala pafupi Haiti. Pozindikira kuti apulumutse "Santa Maria" n'zosathekadi, Christopher analamula kuchotsapo, onse amene akanakhoza kukhala wa mtengo, ndipo umasamutsidwa ku caravel lapansi. sitimayo yokha anaganiza disassemble zomangira, amene pambuyo pa chilumba chomwecho linga "Khirisimasi" ( "La Navidad") inamangidwa.

"Nina"

Malinga ndi anatulukira zosiyana, "Nina" (m'chombo Columbus) anali sitima ankakonda wa anatulukira m'mayiko ena. Mu maulendo ake onse iye anaphimba iye makilomita makumi asanu zikwi. Atamwalira "Santa Maria" ndi kuponyedwa mu flagship wa Columbus.

Real dzina la chombo chidafika "Santa Clara" koma anthu a ulendo wa anawatcha mwachikondi kuti "mwana," umene phokoso Spanish ngati "Nina" ake. The mwini chombo chidafika Juan Niño. Koma ulendo woyamba wa Columbus mkulu "Nini" anali Vicente Yáñez Pinzón.

Malinga ndi asayansi, kukula kwa "Santa Clara" anali pafupifupi 17 mamita yaitali ndi 5.5 mamita lonse. Ena amakhulupirira kuti panali masts atatu pa "Naini." Malinga ndi mfundo chipika m'ngalawamo, anachokera ku caravel uyu anali slanting matanga, ndipo patapita kukhala ku zilumba za Canary, iwo m'malo mwa mizere molunjika.

Poyamba chombo chidali mamembala chabe makumi awiri ogwira ntchito, koma pambuyo "Santa Maria" imfa ya zingapo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa izo woyamba amalinyero nthawi m'tulo mu hammocks, atalanda mwambo wa Amwenye.

Tsoka la "Nini"

Bwinobwino kumbuyo mu Spain pambuyo ulendo woyamba wa Columbus, "Nina" komanso nawo ulendo wachiwiri wa Christopher kuti kugombe la America. Pa tsikuli 1495 mphepo yamkuntho "Santa Clara" anali m'chombo yekha kupulumuka.

Pakati pa 1496th ndi 1498th ankakonda chombo anatulukira America anagwidwa ndi achifwamba, koma chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwa likulu lake anamasulidwa ndipo anapita chachitatu pa ulendo wa Columbus.

Pambuyo 1501 palibe zokhudza izo, mwina caravel Amira inali imodzi mwa yokopa.

"Pinta"

deta yeniyeni pa maonekedwe ndi luso makhalidwe a sitima mbiri waliteteza.

Koma tikudziwa kuti sitima ya Columbus 'Pinta' anali caravel lalikulu maulendowa woyamba wa wapaulendo kwambiri. Komabe, pa zifukwa zosadziwika atafa "Santa Maria" mutu kusambira anasankha monga flagship lapansi. Ambiri mwina, anali makamu, ndi mkulu wa chombo - Martín Alonso Pinzón. Inde, pa ulendowo, iye akungokhalira anatsutsa kusankha Columbus. Mwina kuyenda panyanja wamkulu adawopa chipolowe choncho anasankha sitimayo kumene woyendetsa anali M'bale Martin - kwambiri kusintha Vicente.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Dziko Latsopano anali woyamba kuwaona woyendetsa ndi "Pinta".

Amadziwika kuti zombo anabwerera kwawo payokha. Komanso mkulu wa "Pinta" makamu onse adafunafuna chombo ake anabwera koyamba kwa Spain, poganiza kuti ndikuuzeni inu uthenga wabwino. Koma mochedwa kwambiri kwa maola angapo chifukwa mkuntho.

"Pinta" Choikidwiratu

Kuti mudziwe mmene kusanduka tsogolo la ngalawa "Pinta" pambuyo Columbus 'ulendo, sakudziwika. Pali umboni kuti atabwerako Mkulu woyendetsa sitimayo kunali kuzizira kwambiri anatengera dziko. Ndipo chifukwa cha mavuto a za umoyo anapeza pa ulendo, iye anamwalira miyezi ingapo. Mwina sitima kapena anagulitsidwa n'kumusintha dzina lake, kapena kuphedwa pa ulendo wotsatira.

zombo zina Columbus

Ngati pa ulendo woyamba wa Columbus 'zombo inkakhala luso atatu chabe, lachiwiri panali seventini wachitatu - zisanu, ndi wachinayi - zonse zinayi. Ichi chinali chifukwa kufa chikhulupiriro Hristoforu Kolumbu. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, zaka zingapo wa Columbus udzakhala otchuka kwambiri kwa Spain.

Mayina ambiri ziwiya izi si waliteteza. Ife tikungodziwa kuti flagship za ulendo wachiwiri anali m'chombo otchedwa "Marie-Galante", ndi wachinayi - "La Capital".

Patapita zaka zambiri pambuyo chinapezeka pa ena zombo Columbus tidapita ulendo wake woyamba, ndipo anatsegula dziko latsopano onse a anthu, ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri momwe anakhoza kusambira konse. Pambuyo kutaya wa Spanish Korona anali wamphamvu ndi voluminous kukhoti, koma eni sindikufuna pachiswe iwo. Uthenga wabwino ndi eni "Santa Maria", "Santa Clara" ( "Nini"), ndi "Pinta" sikudali kutero ndi analoŵa mu Columbus ulendo. Ndendende chifukwa cha uno mpaka kalekale analowa mbiri ya dziko monga iwo kutsegula zilumba ziwiri zatsopano ndi kumtunda.