Zovuta pepala: kapangidwe, malongosoledwe Zitsanzo

zomera zonse zigwirizana vegetative ndi ziwalo zobereka. Last udindo kubalana. Mu angiosperms ndi maluwa. Ndi kuthawa kusinthidwa. ziwalo Vegetative zomera - ndi mizu ndi mphukira. The mizu imakhala ndi mizu chachikulu, lateral ndi zambiri. Nthawi zina muzu waukulu angakhale asanawonetseredwebe. Chotero dongosolo amatchedwa fibrous. Zimayambira wapangidwa zimayambira, masamba ndi masamba. Zimayambira kupereka zoyendera zinthu, ndi kuwathandiza udindo wa mbewu. Impso ndi udindo mapangidwe mphukira zatsopano, ndi maluwa. List - chiwalo chofunika kwambiri kwa mbewu, chifukwa ali ndi udindo dzuwa.

Momwe ntchito

Zambiri ndi pawiri masamba zigwirizana mitundu yambiri ya zimakhala. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Kumbali ya histology

Pamwamba ndi chophimba minofu - pa khungu. Izi makulidwe wosanjikiza maselo mmodzi kapena awiri ndi nembanemba wandiweyani oyenerera kwambiri wina ndi mnzake. pepala ili nsalu amateteza zisaonongeke makina, komanso kumathandiza evaporation kwambiri madzi m'thupi. Komanso, khungu ndi mtsikana kuwombola mpweya. Kuti muchite izi minofu pano stomata.

Pamwamba pa khungu ndi zina wosanjikiza zodzitetezera chomwe phula, ndi ❖ kuyanika panamveka ndi maselo minofu.

Pansi khungu ndi columnar, kapena kuloŵerera parenchyma. Izi zofunika nsalu pepala. Pamafunika ikani ndondomeko ya photosynthesis. maselo parenchymal imakonzedwa vertically. Iwo ali ambiri chloroplasts.

Ndi assimilating nsalu ndi conductive dongosolo pepala ndi chofewa ngati siponji parenchyma. Conductive Nsalu - ndi xylem ndi phloem. Woyamba tichipeza ziwiya - maselo akufa chikugwirizana vertically ndi mzake popanda kakasi yopingasa. Ndi xylem madzi ndi zinthu kusungunuka mmenemo umaperekedwa mu pepala muzu. Phloem wapangidwa ndi machubu sieve - elongation maselo amoyo. Ndi nsalu izi conductive zothetsera ali kusamutsidwa M'malo mwake, kuyambira tsamba ku muzu.

minofu chofewa ngati siponji udindo kuwombola mpweya ndi madzi evaporation.

Ondandalikidwa pansi pa zigawo wa khungu n'chozama. Iye, ngati pamwamba, ndi ntchito yake yoteteza. Lilinso ndi stoma.

Kapangidwe ka masamba

Inyamuka ku petiole tsinde, ndiwo amodzi lamina ndi - gawo lalikulu la chipepalacho. Kuyambira tsinde m'mphepete mwa tsamba mitsempha achoka. Komanso, mankhwala ndi tsinde lake ndi stipules. masamba chipangizo zitsanzo za tikambirana pansipa imakonzedwa kuti tsamba limodzi petiole ndi mbale zingapo.

ndi masamba Kodi

Malinga dongosolo akhoza kuzindikiridwa masamba mophweka ndi pawiri. Zambiri zigwirizana mbale imodzi. Zovuta pepala - amene tichipeza mbale angapo. Iwo akhoza zosiyanasiyana mu dongosolo.

Mitundu ya tsamba

Pali mitundu ingapo. Zinthu kwa iwo mu mitundu atha kutumikira ngati angapo mbale, mawonekedwe a m'mbali mwa mbale ndi kupanga pepalalo. Iwo ubwera mwa mitundu isanu.

Leaf mawonekedwe - monga izo zimachitika

Pali mitundu ina ya izo:

• arrowhead;
• chowulungika;
• wozungulira woboola pakati;
• liniya;
• mtima woboola pakati;
• zimakupiza woboola pakati (theka-zozungulira pepala);
• ananena;
• singano;
• mphero woboola pakati (triangular pepala, wotetezedwa ku tsinde pamwamba);
• hastate (spikes lakuthwa);
• spatulate;
• lobed (pepala magawo kuchuluka kwa masamba);
• lanceolate (yaitali, lonse pepala pakati);
• obratnolantsetovidnaya (chapamwamba mbali ya pepala ndi onse kuposa pansi);
• obratnoserdtsevidnaya (mtima-mphako pepala yomatidwa tsinde mapeto lakuthwa);
• rhomboid;
• kachigawo.

A pepala zovuta angathe kukhala aliyense wa mbale njira.

Fomu mbale m'mbali

Ichi ndi chinthu china chomwe chingapangitse kuti mufotokozere tsamba pawiri.

Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a m'mbali mwa mbale Masamba a mitundu isanu:

• imodzi;
• crenate;
• serrate;
• notched;
• konsekonse.

zina masamba pawiri

Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mbale ndi makonzedwe awo, izi mitundu ya tsamba:

• palmate;
• pinnate;
• dvuperistye;
• trifoliate;
• perstonadreznye.

Mu palmate pawiri masamba mbale zonse mogwirizana pamodzi ndi utali wozungulira ku tsinde la kooneka chikuoneka likundikanikizira.

masamba Pinnate ndi mbale tsamba anakonza pamodzi tsinde la. Iwo agawidwa mu mitundu iwiri: paripinnate ndi pinnate. Poyamba pali mbale apical, chiwerengero ndi angapo awiri. Mu wosamvetseka-pinnate apical mbale alipo.

Mu mbale dvuperistyh tsamba imakonzedwa pamodzi petioles yachiwiri. Anthu nawonso, amagwira ku chachikulu.

Trifoliate ndi masamba atatu.

Perstonadreznye ngati masamba feathery.

pawiri masamba - venation awo

Pali mitundu ake atatu:

• Yomweyi. Mitsempha ndi wogawana pa pepala m'munsi kuti m'mbali ake kudutsa mbale.
• Arc. Mitsempha sapita bwino, koma mawonekedwe a Arc ndi.
• Net. Iwo agawidwa subspecies atatu: zozungulira, palmate ndi peristonervnoe. Pa pepala venation zozungulira ali mitsempha yaikulu atatu amene kuyambira ena. Palmate yodziwika ndi mitsempha yaikulu kuposa atatu kuti anasiyanitsidwa pafupi m'munsi mwa petiole lapansi. Pamene peristonervnom pepala mmodzi mtsempha lalikulu, lomwe achoke ena.

Nthawi zambiri pepala zovuta ali reticulate venation.

Dongosolo la masamba phesi

Onse masamba mophweka ndi pawiri akhoza m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Pali mitundu anayi malo:

• Whorled. Masamba amagwira pa atatu a iwo ndi tsinde yopapatiza - whorl. Iwo akhoza kukhala mtanda, aliyense wachibale kwa whorl yapitayi zimayenda madigiri 90. Zomera ndi chotero masamba makonzedwe ndi elodea diso khwangwala a.
• Rosette. masamba onse kutalika chomwecho ndipo anakonza bwalo. zokhazikapo awa ndi agave, Chlorophytum.
• Yotsatana (zonse). masamba amagwira, aliyense mfundo. Motero, zili pa Birch, Pelargonium, apulo, ananyamuka.
• Kusirira. Ndi mtundu uwu wa dongosolo lililonse mfundo ili pa mapepala awiri. Aliyense mfundo ndi ambiri zimayenda wachibale yapita ija ndi madigiri 90. Komanso, masamba akhoza anakonza mizere iwiri popanda zigawo onsewo. Zitsanzo za zomera ndi chotero masamba makonzedwe ndi timbewu tonunkhira, Jasmine, Lilac, fuchsia, akufa nettle.

Woyamba mitundu iwiri ya tsamba dongosolo lililonse kwa zomera ndi masamba mophweka. Koma chomalizachi mitundu iwiri angatanthauze masamba pawiri.

Zitsanzo za zomera

Tsopano tiyeni tiyang'ane pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masamba pawiri, ndi zitsanzo. Iwo zimatulutsa okwanira kuchuluka. Zomera ndi masamba zovuta angakhale zosiyanasiyana moyo. Izo zikhoza kukhala tchire ndi mitengo.

A chomera sizachilendo ndi pawiri masamba - phulusa. Banja mitengo ya azitona, kalasi ya bipartite, Dipatimenti ya angiosperms. Iwo ali pawiri masamba imparipinnate, ndi mbale zisanu ndi ziwiri kwa khumi. Fomu dera - zida. Venation - thumba. Ash masamba ntchito mankhwala monga diuretic ndi.

A chitsanzo chapadera cha chitsamba ndi zovuta za angatchedwe masamba rasipiberi. zomera ndi masamba imparipinnate ndi mbale atatu mpaka asanu pa mapesi yaitali. venation mtundu - peristonervnoe. Mawonekedwe a pepala m'mphepete - crenate. Rasipiberi masamba ntchito mankhwala wowerengeka. Iwo ali zinthu odana ndi yotupa kwenikweni.

mtengo wina ndi pawiri masamba - Rowan. Masamba paripinnate ake. Chiwerengero cha mbale - pafupifupi leveni. Venation - peristonervnoe.

Chitsanzo chotsatirachi - ndi clover. Iwo ali masamba zovuta trifoliate. Venation clover mauna. Mawonekedwe a pepala m'mphepete - konsekonse. Komanso clover trifoliate masamba nayenso bobovnik.

Pawiri masamba alinso mbewu monga Albitius. Iwo ali dvuperistye masamba.

Chitsanzo china cha mbewu ndi masamba zovuta - mthethe. chitsamba uyu ali reticulate venation. Fomu gawo - lonse. Mapepala Mtundu - dvuperistye. Number mbale - kwa ndalama khumi.

chomera wina ndi pawiri masamba - strawberries. Mapepala Mtundu - trifoliate. Venation - thumba. masamba awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala. Kawirikawiri, atherosclerosis ndi matenda ena mtima.

Pomaliza

Pamene mapeto, ife azipereka tebulo mwachidule masamba zovuta.

Apa takambirana dongosolo la tsamba pawiri chake mitundu zitsanzo za zomera kuti likhale iwo.