Mkuwa chipolowe: zimayambitsa, zochitika, zotsatira

Mkuwa chipolowe - ichi ndi chinthu yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Russia chiwembu anthu osauka a m'tawuni ndi wamba, umene unachitika mu Moscow mu ulamuliro wa Alexei Mikhailovich. Lingaliro la "kupanduka mkuwa" wakhala n'chimodzimodzi. Izo ntchito iliyonse muyenera ndemanga pa depreciation ndalama ndi bankirapuse ya boma.

Mkuwa chipolowe: zimayambitsa mavuto mbiri

Moscow boma anachita nkhondo yaitali Ukraine motsutsa Chipolishi Chilituyaniya Commonwealth, zimene anathera kuchuluka yaikulu chuma. Panali kuchepa kwa ndalama. Omwe miyala ya zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, zimene zinapangidwa ndalama pa nthawi, Russia komweko, kotero iwo zinkachokera ku mayiko ena. Timbewu wagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zakunja kuti iwo Russian - khobiri kakobiri ndi ndalama.

vutolo anabwera kuti Boyar Ordin-Nashchokin anapereka njira maganizo kwambiri kuti: kwa ndalama timbewu zamkuwa nkhope mtengo siliva. Pankhaniyi, misonkho ya adakali anasonkhana siliva, koma malipilo akhala inakhazikitsa ndi ndalama latsopano mkuwa. Kuyambira ndi ndalama 1654 mkuwa mwalamulo anadzetsa makope m'malo siliva.

Poyamba, zonse anapita boma anakonza: ndalama zatsopano analandira pa mtengo wa ndalama yakale siliva. Koma posakhalitsa anayamba kupereka ndalama zosaneneka, izo sizinali chifukwa cha mavuto ndi mkuwa. Lalembedwa mabwalo mu Moscow, Pskov, Novgorod, ntchito pa mphamvu zonse. Dyetsani unsecured ndalama okwanira chinapululutsa Russia posachedwa Umafuna siliva wayamba kukula mofulumira, ndi kugula mphamvu ya ndalama mkuwa anagwa.

Iwo anayamba pang'onopang'ono poyamba, ndiyeno Matope omwe ankakokoloka anawononga kufufuma. Boma adakana mkuwa ndalama misonkho, kotero wakale ndalama zasiliva kuti anasangalala kwambiri mu mtengo; pakuti ruble akale siliva anapatsidwa 15 20 mkuwa latsopano. amalonda ankapita kumsika ndi kuwathamangitsa ndalama mkuwa kwenikweni ngolo, pamene mkuwa ndi devalued tsiku lililonse. Nzika mantha: pakuti ndalama mkuwa sakanatha kugula chilichonse, koma panali paliponse kutenga siliva.

Koma boma sanafune kuvomereza zolakwa zake, ndi chizolowezi anali kuyang'ana wolakwa kumbali. Kuyambitsa chigumukire wa kufufuma ankatchedwa achinyengo. Show mayesero anayamba kukhazikika mu dziko. Pakuti kupanga wa "Kumanzere" ndalama chiweruzo pamene panali chimodzi chokha: chilango chankhanza. Malinga zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo wolakwa anatsanulira osungunula zitsulo mu mmero.

Vuto linali lakuti ndalama ndi za mkuwa akhoza pafupifupi aliyense amene angazichite chitsulo pang'ono. "Kotelniki ndi olovyanniki" pamene massively wamkulu wolemera, ndi mphamvu yakumangirira nokha mwala nyumba, kugula katundu mtengo. Chifukwa anali ndi pang'ono yake bwalo ndalama. Khirisimasi mkuwa ndalama mu Moscow kokha kunali woposa hafu miliyoni.

Mkuwa chipolowe: zochitika

M'mawa wa pa June 25, 1662 Old kalendala pamtengo pa Lubyanka mu Moscow anali glued kalata damning, amene amatchedwa oukira Rtishchev Miloslavsky ndi alendo Basil Shorin. Ndipotu iwo amati ndi ubale ndi Poland, amene mpaka pano kunali nkhondo. Kuneneza anali yopanda umboni, koma anthu anafunika chowiringula chirichonse kuyamba mukubwadamuka.

A khamu la anthu zikwi zingapo, mutawerenga uthenga uwu, anapita ku mudzi wa Kolomenskoye - chilimwe okhala mfumu. Alonda ankangodzigwera, ndi anthu momasuka anathyola mu nyumba yachifumu. Alexis anauza Rtishchev Miloslavsky ndi chikopa mu nyumba mfumukazi, ndipo anapita kwa anthu. Ndiyeno panali zochitika kuswa maziko onse a anthu ndi malamulo. Wamba atazunguliridwa Alexei Mikhailovich, kwenikweni atagwira mabatani chovala mfumu, anandifunsa kuti: "Kodi choonadi," Kukambirana anali mtendere kwambiri, ndipo mfumu analonjeza anthu kuti abwezeretse dongosolo. Mmodzi mwa opandukawo ngakhale "anagunda pa manja ake pamodzi ndi mfumu." Kenako, khamu unakhala pansi ndipo anayamba kumwazikana. Motero ankaoneka wotopa. Koma lero amayembekezeka kutha mosiyana.

mwinji unango pa nthawi ino kuthyola nyumba Shorin, ndipo anapanga khanda mwana wake kulemba kuvomereza kuti bambo ake ankaimbidwa anagulitsa Zitsulo mwapadera anakonza ankapitabe ndi ndalama mkuwa kuthandiza mdani naye. Ndi ndi "kuzindikira" m'manja mwa opandukawo nkati Kolomenskoye, kukoka kumbuyo kwa anthu amene kale anabwerera kuchokera kumeneko. Pa nthawi imeneyi, mfumu inali pafupi kupita ku Moscow kufufuza choncho. Komabe, kumuopseza latsopano opandukawo anamutengera iye uko yekha. Ku Moscow ndi ndiye omangika oponya mivi ndi asilikali. Ndipo Alexei Mikhailovich analamula Artamonov Matveyev kuthyolako opanduka.

Iwo anayamba zoopsa izi. Khamu la anthulo linali unarmed. Anthu wosweka, anamira mu mtsinje, anavutika ndi kudula. Pa tsiku limenelo, akupha anthu oposa chikwi. Mu masiku awa, gulu intensively anafufuza kwa kukwera mu Kolomenskoye, kumangidwa, kupachikidwa, anadula manja ndi mapazi, kuwasindikiza, kuchotsedwa Moscow ku ukapolo okhazikika. Anthu ambiri amene anamangidwa anakakamizika kulemba kuchokera pakamwa kuyerekeza cholembedwa ndi ukukamba kudwala-fated. Komabe, instigators woona anapeza ndipo analephera.

Mkuwa kupanduka mu 1662 anali ntchitoyo m'mizindayi koma ndi osauka - amisiri, alimi, opha nyama, m'dera osauka. Kuchokera amalonda ndi anthu a kalasi apamwamba kuti sanatenge gawo palibe. Komanso iwo akhale ndi kumangidwa wotsatira wa achiwawa akuwotcha lapansi.

Chifukwa cha chipolowe bwanji pafupi anthu zikwi zitatu, ndipo ambiri a iwo anali chabe chidwi khamu.

Mkuwa chipolowe: zikugwirira

Mfumu anasunga lonjezo lake ndi kuthana ndi vuto la ndalama mkuwa. Mu 1663, lalembedwa mafakitale ku Novgorod ndi Pskov anatsekedwa ndipo ndalama mkuwa ndi kwathunthu achoka kufalitsidwa. Anayambiranso Ndalama wa ndalama zasiliva. A ndalama mkuwa analamulidwa smelt boilers kapena kuwapitirira ku cuma. Mkuwa ndalama umasinthanitsidwa ndalama zatsopano siliva adakali inflationary mlingo wa makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, kuti, boma ali kuboma kuti zaka mkuwa rubles sanali anapereka. Malipilo anali atatsala kachiwiri kulipira ndi siliva.