American Indian-mohawk. History ndi chikhalidwe cha fuko

Iroquois - anthu okhala mu zigawo chapakati cha United States ndi Canada. Izi mfunda wotchuka osati kwa chikuoneka zachilendo, koma ndi chidwi mbiri ndi mwambo. Today timapereka inu ulendo chidwi mu mozama za Great Lakes ndi , ndi kuphunzira zambiri za momwe moyo mbadwa American Indian Mohawk.

League wa Iroquois ndi chiyani?

Mwina 1570 panali mgwirizano wa Iroquois lotchedwa League of Haudenosaunee. Poyamba, maphunziro m'gulu mafuko asanu: ndi Oneida, Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga ndi Seneca. Kenako mu 1770, kuloŵa League of Haudenosaunee fuko Tuscarora achotsedwa kum'mwera kwa dziko la United States (tsopano East Carolina).

Chifukwa pafupi, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe ojambula a magulu onse awa, ndipo panali Iroquois Amwenye. kufotokoza mitundu sangakhoze popanda makhalidwe a mafuko amene anagwirizana ndi Haudenosaunee League. Choncho, ife tikuyang'ana pa fuko lililonse zambiri.

Oneida Fuko

Oneida - fuko la League Iroquois. Poyamba, ana ake ankakhala kumpoto kwa New York, ndipo kenako kuthetsedwa dziko kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Wisconsin (pafupi Green Bay). "Munthu mwala atathana" - kotero amadzitcha okha wina anatuluka Oneida Indian fuko, ndi Iroquois. Mbiri ya dzinali zokhudzana ndi miyambo yawo. Malinga ndi nthano, pakati pa mudzi waukulu Oneida akuziika yaikulu yofiira changati chimwalacho. mwala uwu anakhala chizindikiro chofunika kwambiri fuko.

Mohawk Fuko

Mohawk (Mohawk kapena) - North America Indian fuko moyo mu zigawo kum'mawa kwa New York State. The Haudenosaunee League gulu ichi chotchedwa "alonda a pakhomo kum'mawa." Today magavki - ichi ndi fuko ochuluka kuposa mu Iroquois mgwirizano. Tsopano amakhala m'zigawo za Ontario ndi Quebec (Canada).

The ojambula woyamba ndi fuko azungu Mohawk chinachitika mu 1634, pamene analowa pansi American wa Dutch. Mohawk Iroquois pamaso pa ena anayamba kuchita malondawo ndi azungu.

Kuchokera m'fuko Mohawk anali ngati umunthu wotchuka ngati Dzhozef Brant (kapitawo mu British Army, adadziwa pa Chiwukirano nkhondo American), Kateri Tekakwitha (Woyera Roma Katolika) ndipo Polin Dzhonson (wotchuka Canada Ammayi ndi wolemba).

Cayuga Fuko

Cayuga fuko poyamba ankakhala m'dera la Cayuga Nyanja pakati pa anthu a Seneca ndi Onondaga. Lero ana awo moyo m'chigawo cha Ontario (Canada) ndi Perrysburg (New York, USA).

Mbadwa ya fuko Cayuga ndi Harry Farmer - ". Dead Man" wotchuka Canada wosewera, amene anakhala zikomo wotchuka ku kanema "Police Academy" ndipo

fuko Onondaga

North America oimira mafuko Onondaga amadzitcha okha "anthu a mapiri." Poyamba, anthu unachitikira gawo ili mu kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa State wa New York. Koma pambuyo Nkhondo ya ufulu wa fuko United States anathamangitsidwa m'mayiko amenewa ndi mbali ya Ontario (Canada) azigwira.

Tikumbukenso kuti League of Onondaga Haudenosaunee fuko anali "abale chachikulu", mwachitsanzo. E. Analemekeza udindo kutsogolera ku Soviet Union.

Seneca Fuko

Amtundu wa fuko Seneca amadzitcha okha "phiri anthu". Tsopano anthu awa amakhala m'mphepete mwa Seneca Lake, ili kum'mwera kwa Ontario ndi Genesee Mtsinje ku New York. Poyamba, Seneca ali gawo lalikulu ku New York ku Pennsylvania.

Mbiri ya fuko

Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma XI Iroquois wotanganidwa m'gawo lalikulu pakati pa mtsinje St. Lawrence Mtsinje ndi Nyanja Ontario. Kwa nthawi yaitali iwo ankakhala m'malo algonkinoyazychnyh mafuko (Ojibwa, zotsatira, Algonquins) ndipo anamenya nkhondo zonse m'dziko lawo.

The anzanu apamtima League wa Iroquois anakhalabe ndi Dutch. amalonda European anagula akomweko Beaver zikopa ndi m'malo anawapatsa zida zankhondo. Pamene beavers zonse m'derali pakati pa mtsinje St. Lawrence Mtsinje ndi Nyanja Ontario atachotsedwa, ndi Dutch anakankhira Iroquois analanda dziko latsopano. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti chiyambi cha otchedwa Beaver Nkhondo. Mu 1660, a Iroquois anayamba alowe Chatsopano France. Mzinda anathandiza madera ake, kotero kuti mafuko North America anayamba kuvutika kugonja. Panthawiyi, asilikali a ku Britain analanda njuchi Dutch wa New Netherland, kudula Iroquois mwa ophatikidzana zofunika kwambiri malonda.

Mu 1688, kunabuka nkhondo pa English cholowa pakati France ndi Britain. Mu nkhondo imeneyi, Iroquois anali kumbali ya British. Komanso, mafuko North America kuti kuwachirikiza French ndi Indian nkhondo. nkhondo izi awiri zasintha bwino wa mphamvu pa dziko lapansi. The Iroquois akhala amadalira kotheratu mwa kundipatsako kwa manja ku England.

The Iroquois mu Chiwukirano nkhondo American

Mu 1775 anayamba American Chiwukirano nkhondo. Mu nkhondo imeneyi, kulalikira, pa dzanja limodzi, United Kingdom ndi loyalists (ie okhulupirika kwa boma la British ..), Ndipo ena - 13 madera British. Ambiri mwa Indians panthawi ya nkhondo kulimbikitsa usilikali. Great Haudenosaunee League Bungweli poyamba sankalowerera. Komabe, mu 1777, a Iroquois anali kumbali ya Great Britain. Chifukwa chachikulu ichi chinali England anali katundu waukulu mikono mafuko North America. Komanso, boma la atsamunda analetsa mbadwa zawo kutenga dera la kumadzulo kwa Appalachian mapiri kupewa mikangano ndi Amwenye.

Nkhondo itatha, United Kingdom anapereka dziko la Iroquois lolamulidwa US. Pa nthawi iyi League Haudenosaunee unatha. Mbali ya Iroquois anasamukira kumpoto - m'dziko anawapatsa korona British thandizo ake pankhondo. Mafuko theka Haudenosaunee League anakhalabe m'dera la New York.

Economy ndi moyo wa American Iroquois

Kotero, momwe iye anakhala ndi kutsogolera moyo wa losavuta Indian-mohawk? Features chikhalidwe cha mafuko North America amene anakhala m'dera Great Lakes, anapanga mchikakamizo cha zinthu zina. Dera anthu a Iroquois, anali kwenikweni pa crests a mapiri. mayiko amenewa munali nkhalango zowirira ndipo wazunguliridwa ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja. nyengo achititsa gawo makamaka a mafuko North America.

The Iroquois ankakhala nyumba yaikulu lalikulu - ovachirah. Iwo anamangidwa ku amakona anayi mawonekedwe ndi madenga mbiya woboola pakati.

The mbewu yaikulu inali mafuko chimanga. minda chimanga zatenga malo aakulu (kwa 9 Km mu utali wozungulira). Komanso, Iroquois nakulitsa nyemba ndi dzungu.

Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 18 ndi mwachangu osauka malonda asilikali ndi ubweya. Ichi chinali chifukwa kutseka kulankhula ndi malonda ndi atsamunda. mafuko North America anatumikira ku Ulaya Beaver apeze zikopa, amene ntchito yopanga zipewa za ubweya. Ulimi ntchito, monga ulamuliro, chinkhoswe yekha mu akazi.

The moyo ndale za Iroquois

Mu moyo andale a mafuko North America wotanganidwa wamphamvu malo Haudenosaunee League. mamembala ake ankafunika kusunga mtendere pakati pawo. Mutu Council League of Chiefs, ongokhala 50 sachems. Mamembala ake osankhidwa ndi amayi akubereka. Council lamulo takambirana padera ndi fuko lililonse, ndikuonetsetsa kuti akamakambirana. Mtsogoleli aliyense akhoza veto chigamulo chilichonse. Chisankho loyamba la Council anakambirana Mohawks, ndiye - Seneca ndi Oneida, ndipo atsopano - Cayuga ndi Onondaga.

malamulo onse ndi miyambo ya mafuko Haudenosaunee League analembedwa "Buku la chilamulo Wamkulu." Dziwani kuti US Constitution anali amatsatira pa chikalata ichi.

Zinthu zokhudza mafuko North America

Waukulu unit wa anthu Iroquois chipangizo anabadwa, amene ankapita ndi mkazi. Mamembala ake ndi umwini gulu la dziko ndi zaulimi. Aliyense Fuko anaberekera ena dzina banja. Childs, izo kugwirizana ndi dzina la nyama. Mitundu yonse ya akazi anali wakhama mu gulu yobereka. Pa misonkhano yake osankhidwa sachems - Chiefs Council.

The zikuchokera akhoza monga mafuko kuchokera genera 10 3. Choncho, pa Seneca, Onondaga ndi Cayuga panali 8, pamene Mohawk ndi Oneida - 3.

maonekedwe Iroquois

Chitsanzo American Indian-Mohawk, zithunzi za amene anapereka m'munsimu, mosiyana ndi zimene anthu ambiri lero, sizinathe tsitsi "Mohawk". Amuna ndi atsogoleri a mafuko, monga ulamuliro, kwathunthu anameta tsitsi. Pali anakhalabe kokha yaing'ono "a loko scalp".

Zigawenga view Iroquois anatenga lokha pa nkhondo ndi zikondwerero zikuluzikulu za. Amakonzera tsitsi kuti kwangochepetsako pang'ono chabe anafanana otchuka lero kuika asilikali ankavala fuko Onondaga. Iwo kwathunthu anameta tsitsi, kusiya chabe Chigawo chaching'ono pamodzi pakati pa mutu, limene kuluka mu kuluka a.

maganizo a chipembedzo

Poyamba, maziko a chipembedzo anali Iroquois totemism - kukhulupirira nyama zauzimu. Nyama ankachita ntchito eponyms mtundu Protection nkhondo ankalimbikitsa ulimi ndi kusaka. Mwachitsanzo, Mohawk, akupita ku nkhondo, onyamula nawo manja ndi waukulu fuko chithunzi totem.

zipembedzo izi posachedwapa unadzakhalanso wofunika malonda. The Iroquois ankakhulupirira kuti fuko muyenera kusaka kwa totem nyama zawo. Mogwirizana ndi chotchuka kwambiri pakati pa North America Indians ntchito mwambo mwa chimbalangondo.

Komanso, mu moyo achipembedzo Iroquois kufunika anapeza mipatuko ulimi. Mafuko ankalambira ulemu m'dziko daruyuschuyu mphamvu. Makamaka otchuka anali a chipembedzo cha "atatu alongo anamwino" - mbewu waukulu (chimanga, nyemba ndi sikwashi).

Tikumbukenso kuti Iroquois pamaso mafuko North America ankamenyana ndi chiphunzitso Mkhristu. chipembedzo European unakhala mbali ya miyoyo yawo. Panopa Iroquois ndi Mkhristu.

The luso la nkhondo Iroquois

Pambuyo mapangidwe a League of Haudenosaunee lankhondo lamphamvu mafuko m'mbuyomu anthuwo kwambiri. Isanafike European kukhudzana Iroquois manja inkakhala mauta, mivi, mikondo ndi zibonga. Komanso, ntchito zishango matabwa kuti kuteteza thupi, mutu ndi miyendo wankhondo wa. Yambani malonda otanganidwa ndi Dutch zinachititsa kuti zinthu zisinthe mu moyo ankhondo a mafuko North America.

Azungu kuwapatsa mfuti daggers. Komabe, mumaganiza awa sali yomweyo m'malo bwino kuti Iroquois chitetezo (uta ndi muvi). Mawu oyamba a mfuti zinachititsa kuti kukana matabwa matabwa. Popeza ndiye Iroquois ndinayamba kutsatira machenjerero latsopano la nkhondo - kubalalika njira nkhondo.

The Iroquois anali patsogolo kwambiri mu ntchito zida zatsopano kuposa mafuko ena North America. Izi anathandiza kwambiri ojambula pafupi malonda ndi azungu.