Anayambitsa Odessa: mbiri ya mzinda, zipilala ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

dziko si mzinda yofanana Odessa pa kukoma yosatheka kuneneka moyo wake. Izo kumaonekera mu chithumwa kum'mwera chikhalidwe, zomangamanga mzinda, intricately kaphatikizidwe zitsanzo za zosiyanasiyana masitaelo. Koma chinthu chachikulu, kumene, anthu ake - ndi anthu apadera otchedwa Odessites, kulankhula kokha kwa iyemwini khalidwe la "Odessa" chinenero kwathunthu. Amene anayambitsa mzinda uwu pa gombe la buluu a nyanja Black mu dziko?

yaitali bwanji kuti kwakhala!

Kulankhula ndi Kudziwa, oyambitsa weniweni wa Odessa - si Duc de A Richelieu ndi laulemerero Prince G. A. Potomkin, amene akutchedwa ulemu uwu. Anthu woyamba wa Odessa anali makolo athu wamba - okhala Paleolithic, amene magalimoto ofukula akupezabe m'mbali kumadzulo ya Gulf of Kuyalnik. Zotsatirazi iwo choyamba Zakachikwi BC ku Odessa Bay magombe ankaonedwa akupuma pa fuko la Cimmerians. Iwo ali awiri ndi theka zaka zikwi zapitazo anasintha Asukuti komanso ngati dzuwa ndi mafunde akukuta kwa Black Sea.

Koma malamulo a mbiri aliuma. Ndipo posachedwa mbuli izi atulutsidwa Agiriki, kudziwa nthawi imene chithumwa onse a chitukuko mkulu. Kukonza malo mu Luzanovka panopa ndi Port de A malonda Chinthu (kapena, Kunena mwachidule, midzi malonda), ana a Hellas kumeneko mpaka II m'ma AD. Iwo anasiya munda lonse la ntchito za zinthu zofukulidwa ano. Koma iwo zathaŵa malo amenewa popanda kupita mbiri anayambitsa Odessa. ulemu uwu anailandira.

Zapakati ndi khalidwe lawo

Mu Middle Ages lonse lalikulu m'dera pafupi ndi Odessa Bay mobwerezabwereza anakhala nyama ya adani obwera. Apa, wakale mafuko Asilavo Ulichi anakwanitsa kwa kanthawi Tivertsy, chinapululutsa pa iwo Tartar khamu, adafika kwa iwo dzanja la zolusa Great Duchy la Lithuania. Mpaka potsiriza, mu XVIII atumwi, si m'nyengo ya ulamuliro Ottoman.

Supreme Order ya amayi Mfumukazi

Kodi lero rustle mthethe mwanyanja Boulevard, pafupi ndi Turkey linga Yeni Dunya, amene anali tsokali kuti zikope tcheru cha I. ambiri V. Gudovicha, zomwe angatsate 1789 pa mutu wa asilikali Russian kuti Bender. detachment ake zapamwamba molamulidwa ndi Chiwerengero Joseph de A Ribas Jose analanda citadel m'bandakucha pa September 13, kuteteza wokhulupirika kumaliza pemphero mmawa, adalowa linga chiwerengero cha zikho Chirasha Turkey nkhondo ya 1787-1791.

zaka ziwiri pambuyo yosainidwa Pangano la Jassy, zomwe kuthetsa nkhondoyi. Malinga ndi chikalata, pansi pa Russian ndodo adachoka ndithu dera wotchedwa New Russia. Mu gawo la kumadzulo, pa Black Sea gombe, Mfumukazi Catherine Wachiwiri, inalamula pa May 27, 1794 analamula kuyamba kumanga mzinda, linga ndi doko. Choncho, nkhonya ya cholembera wachifumu ali ndi ufulu moyo mzinda wapadera.

Dzina akaperekedwa kwa ana akhanda

ntchito yake anayambitsa Odessa anayamba ndendende miyezi itatu. Mulu woyamba anathamangitsidwa mu nthaka otsogola pa utumiki wapadera ndi kukonkha ndi madzi woyera. Pofuna kupereka mzinda tsogolo abwino moona European, Mfumukazi analamula ntchito yomanga injiniya Dutch ndipo wamanga Fransua De Vollanu, analowa utumiki Russian mu 1787 pansi pa zothandizira mipingo yawo ya Russian kazembe mu The Hague.

Choncho anatsegula dziko kuti pamene ana kubadwa kwake osati amapatsidwa maina, koma mzinda wonsewo. chaka A pambuyo chiyambi cha pomanga mwala akhanda anakhala munthu woyamba kutchulidwa dzina lake lenileni - Odessa zikuchitika monga ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira, dzina la mzinda wina wakale Greek wa Odessos, amene poyamba anali pang'ono kum'mawa, m'mphepete mwa lino Tylihul Estuary.

Deribas - woyambitsa wa Odessa

City, anabadwa mwa lamulo la Mfumukazi, inamangidwa kuyang'aniridwa mwachindunji mmodzi wa ngwazi za nyengo Catherine, wotsatila asilikali Iosifa De Ribas, amuna amphamvu kwambiri kuti kamodzi yomweyo anatenga Turkey linga Yeni Dunya. Spanish fuko lomveka ndi kubadwila wakhala lotengeka patsogolo ludzu ulendo, iye ankakhala moyo yowala ndi wodzala ndi Zopatsa kwambiri zosaneneka kuti akanatha kukhala chiwembu sali yemweyo ulendo mabuku.

Monga woyambitsa wa Odessa ndi meya wake woyamba, de Ribas moyo imeneyi dzina lake mu mutu wa mumsewu waukulu Deribasovskaya. Ndiko kulondola, mawu, popanda kulekanitsa French lolemera manambala oyambirira "de" uyitane izo Odessa. The chipilala anatilemekeza munthu uyu mumzinda anakhazikitsa yekha mu 1994, anapima kuti lifanane ndi chikondwerero cha bicentenary mumzindawo.

Chachiwiri Odessa meya

Pamene 1803 de A Ribas kunditumiza ku St. Petersburg, ku wapamwamba Nyumbayi inali ofesi yake zogonamo pafupi meya, amene anapita mu mbiri monga woyambitsa wa Odessa. Sunali zochepa wotchuka kuposa zimene zinawonongedwa, Kalonga de A Richelieu - French achifumu, pambuyo pa French kuukira boma kuti utumiki Russian. chipilala ake amaveka korona wa Potemkin Masitepe, anakhala ngati chizindikiro cha mzinda.

Duke anali wochenjera kwambiri ndi luso woyang'anira. Mu ulamuliro wake (1803-1815 gg.) Mu mzinda ankachititsa yomanga yaikulu, pali zambiri misewu yatsopano wosweka minda, anamanga Orthodox ndi Katolika, sunagoge, m'misasa msika, masukulu womasuka ndipo analenga mosungiramo kwa madzi abwino, pa nthawi imeneyo zinali zogwirizana kwambiri.

Zipatso za bungwe la anthu olemekezeka

Zikomo utsogoleri wake anzeru, mu Odessa, monga kwina kulikonse, malo nyengo chitukuko cha malonda. Ngakhale mphamvu lonse adanena iye ndi Alexander Ine, woyambitsa yachiwiri Odessa Duke (Duke) de A Richelieu anasonyeza nzeru zokwanira kuti lichotse zazing'ono malonda m'dera utsogoleri m'ndende, kusiya wamalonda kusankha njira yachidule kukhala malonda awo. Choncho Iye adayandikira ku mudzi ambiri amalonda Russian ndi achilendo, ndipo mogwirizana ndi mitu yawo.

amuna awiriwa, amene anayambitsa Odessa - wotsatila asilikali Iosif De Ribas, ndi Duc de A Richelieu - analenga mzinda umene wakhala osati malo zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha New Russia, komanso malinga kwambiri Nyanja Black, si nkhani amasonyeza kuukira kwa mdani.

Opanda mantha ndi waumataya Chiwerengero Langeron

Mu 1815, meya wa Odessa anatenga ikani munthu wina chimodzimodzi woyenera - Werengani Alexander Fedorovich Langeron. dzina lake, iye yokutidwa ndi ulemerero pa makoma a Isimaeli, poukira amene anatenga gawo limodzi la A. V. Suvorovym. Monga m'nthawi anasonyeza koma mtima wosimidwa, khalidwe lake chachikulu chinali kuwolowa manja, anakakamizika kugawana khobidi wotsiriza kwa aliyense, amene kapena anapempha.

Chifukwa choyenera mzinda kwa zaka makumi atatu pafupifupi udindo ufulu inatha katundu (udindo ufulu doko mode), iye Polemeretsedwa mosatha kuneneka wake, koma pambuyo pa imfa ya oloŵa nyumba yaing'ono ndi pang'ono kuwonongekeratu munda. Mu Odessa, m'zaka za Alexander Fedorovich anaonekera Botanical Garden ndi malo ambiri, anayamba kufalitsa nyuzipepala woyamba mu mzinda, ndipo anatsegula zitseko zake Richelieu Lyceum, omwe anakhala wachiwiri kwa Russia pambuyo wotchuka Tsarskoye Selo.

City glitz ndi mwanaalirenji

Mtsogolo, pa Way ulemerero wa Mabwanankuba limodzi ndi Prince Mihail Sergeevich Vorontsov. Uyamiko kwa Iye, Odessa anapeza lolemera gloss. Kutenga boma wambiri wa kukhala mu mgwirizano ndi anthu otchuka apamwamba a Russia ndi England, iye anatha kukopa kwa mzinda mamembala ambiri a anthu okwezeka ndi amene alibe dzina mokweza, anali koma boma olimba. kalonga uyu anathandiza mkazi wake - Polish achifumu wotchuka Bronitskaya. Chifukwa kugwirizana kwake kwa Odessa ku Poland linkasamukasamuka mabanja olemera.

Izi zachititsa kuti chitukuko zina malonda, zikamera ochitira masewero atsopano ndi malo odyera. Chitukuko ku malonda tirigu ndi kumabungwe ena a mumzindawo ndi zonse kukodzedwa ndi zida zamakono. Popeza akwaniritsa kutambasuka kwa doko ntchito kwaulere kwa zaka khumi, Prince Vorontsov anapanga Odessa yaikulu kugula likulu kum'mwera kwa Russia.

Chosafota chikumbukiro cha maziko a Odessa

Mu 2007, Catherine Square wa mzindawo unamangidwanso mu 1900 ndipo anamangidwa ndipo ankaiphwasula pa chipilala Soviet kwa anayambitsa Odessa. The zikuchokera kwa ziboliboli M. P. Popova ndiye fanizo la Catherine II, anakweza pa pedestal mkulu, ndi kuima patsinde pa anzake anayi. Pakati pawo - kale de A Ribas, komanso otchuka a chi G. A. Potomkin, de Volan ndi PA Zubov. Aliyense wa iwo anasiya m'mbiri mzindawo.

Izo zinali kwambiri pa zachikhalidwe cha m'mudzi. Odessa zambiri zedi wolemera yaikulu ntchito za ambuye a m'mbuyomu zaka lino tsiku. Ambiri a iwo anazindikira katswiri. Ichi ndi chipilala kuti Duke de A Richelieu, zokongoletsa ndi mwanyanja Boulevard Prince Vorontsov mu Cathedral Square, ndi Polish ndakatulo Adam Mickiewicz kumayambiriro kwa Alexander Avenue ndi ena ambiri, ndi ulemerero wa Odessa.

Ngakhale kuti mbiri wateteza mayina a anthu okhawo amene, chifukwa cha mthupi mwawo mkulu chikhalidwe ndi boma kunathandiza kwambiri pa kukula ndi chitukuko, woyambitsa woona wa mzinda wa Odessa amene kumbukirani - amene ali zaka zoposa ziwiri zapitazo, ndi manja awo analilenga m'mphepete dzuwa zowotcha kwa Black Sea. ntchito yawo anabadwa chozizwitsa, nalemekezedwa ndi andakatulo ambiri, wakhala kunyumba kwa anthu ambiri. Ndi anthu - woyambitsa woona wa Odessa. Mbiri ya mzinda - Umboni wa zimenezi.