Ang'onoang'ono chuma

Ang'onoang'ono chuma anabwera ku Ulaya m'malo kapolo mode oyang'anira mu zaka za zana lachitatu kapena wachinayi AD. kusintha sanali-sitepe imodzi, pang'onopang'ono, kwa zaka khumi ndi nzika khumi ntchito kapolo wake latifundia, anayamba kulabadira chakuti dzuwa zachuma zigawo kuyamba kuchepa bwinobwino. Ichi chinali chifukwa mavuto ambiri a dongosolo kapolo: nkhondo yogonjetsa dziko la Rome pang'onopang'ono osaonekanso, ndi kuchuluka kwa akapolo kuchokera kunja wauma ndipo sanakhalepo mabanja kapolo ndi ana ambiri. Ndi chitukuko cha chikhalidwe agronomic alibe chidwi ndi zotsatira za akapolo awo ntchito ndi iwo sakanakhoza, ndipo sakadalola qualitatively kukonzedwa dziko mwachilungamo watopa.

Lomwe m'malo kapolo Rome ambiri ang'onoang'ono Byzantine yomweyo anasonyeza viability ake zachuma. maufumu wakunja zimene zinachitika pa malo a Western Roma, kwambiri, sanali kapolo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo anayamba kukula kwapang'onopang'ono ndi ungwiro wa dongosolo la kasamalidwe, amene anadzatchedwa "chuma ang'onoang'ono." Recurrences ukapolo ku Ulaya (makamaka m'mayiko Muslim) kuti sanasewere konse chidwi ntchito zachuma.

Ang'onoang'ono chuma kukwaniritsa zofuna za anthu koma pa mlingo wotsika wa akumufuna. Kuchuluka kwa eni masitolo amamangitsa yaing'ono panokha unfree osati ankalimbikitsa kwambiri chitukuko cha chuma. Labor zokolola mu zinthu izi sakanakhoza kukhala mkulu. Komabe, si mumzindawo. Osati popanda chifukwa mu Ages Middle panali mawu akuti: "mpweya wa mzinda amapanga ufulu". Mlimi, amene anakwanitsa kuthawa mbuye wake ndi moyo kwa zaka zingapo mu mzinda, anakhala mwalamulo ufulu. Tikati "ang'onoang'ono chuma" zikutanthauza mwa njira iyi akale kuchita ulimi yekha. mzinda pa nthawi anali sitima ya mbiri, iwo anayamba kuoneka pamaso pa chiyambi chatsopano asapita, capitalist: kumeneko manufactory gulu la ntchito.

Monga anthu akufotokozera kusatsatira serfdom linaonekera ngati zaka chikwi zisanachitike - kulephera kwa ukapolo. Ku Ulaya, anayamba pang'onopang'ono chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom, ang'onoang'ono chuma kulikonse anabwerera pamaso capitalist lapansi.

M'madera ambiri ku Ulaya , serfdom linathetsedwa pa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu - zoyambirira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Mmodzi wa limati chatha anali Russian Ufumu, kumene serfdom linathetsedwa mu 1861. Kenako, serfdom Russian linathetsedwa mu Romania ndi Bulgaria. Nthawi zonse, kukonza analemba kale anakhazikitsa asapita latsopano capitalist.

Economic tanthauzo la chuma sayansi zandale, "kubadwa" m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, inakhala maziko a chitukuko cha sayansi chikhalidwe mu zaka mazana makumi awiri. Agiriki ndi Post-Capitalist capitalist chuma anali amazipanga kovuta chuma cha zaka yapitayo, ndi kukakamizidwa ndalama ntchito - mogwira mtima kuposa momwe sanali zachuma.