Benzene ndi chiyani? Kapangidwe benzene chilinganizo, katundu ndi ntchito

Mwa zida lalikulu la mankhwala organic pali mankhwala angapo, anapeza ndi kafukufuku amene anali limodzi ndi yaitali kutsutsana sayansi. Iwo moyenerera uli benzene. Kapangidwe mu umagwirira benzene potsiriza kokha kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, pamene elemental zikuchokera nkhani kumatanthauza ngakhale mu chaka 1825, kusonyeza izo kwa malasha phula, amene analengedwa monga byproduct wa malasha coking.

Benzene ndi toluene, anthracene, phenol, naphthalene panopa akutchulidwa chimasanduka monga zonunkhira. M'nkhaniyi tiona kodi makhalidwe izi hydrocarbon molekyulu, tikupeza thupi katundu, monga solubility mfundo kuwira ndi osalimba wa benzene ndi potanthauza kuchuluka kwa mankhwala mafakitale ndi ulimi.

Kodi m'bwalomo?

Kapangidwe ka Organic mankhwala limatchula zinthu zonse zodziwika mu magulu angapo monga alkanes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, etc. Mbali yaikulu ya lililonse kalasi ya zipangizo ndi pamaso pa mitundu ina ya kumangidwa. Mamolekyulu ali yekha zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka Sigma akapolo, chiwerengero cha zinthu ethylene - awiri, patatu chomangira mu alkynes. Zomwe kalasi ndi benzene?

Kapangidwe akusonyeza pamaso pa benzene mu molekyulu ake ndi mphete zonunkhira, ndi benzene mphete ya dzina. Zonse mankhwala zachilengedwe organic munali chimodzi kapena zingapo mphete izi mamolekyulu awo, amatchedwa kalasi ya arenes (onunkhira chimasanduka). Kuwonjezera benzene, amene tikukambiranawa, gulu lina ili monga ambiri zinthu zofunika kwambiri, zomwe ngati toluene, aniline, phenol ndi ena.

Kodi kusankha kapangidwe ka vuto la tinthu wa hydrocarbon onunkhira

Poyamba, asayansi anakhazikitsa Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe zikuchokera pawiri anasonyeza mwa _{zonena za,} C ₆ H _6, umene ndi wachibale maselo misa benzene ndi 78. embodiments Ndiye angapo a mitunduyi structural akhala akufuna, koma iwo sanali zogwirizana ndi katundu leni thupi ndi mankhwala benzene anati akatswiri mu zatsopano zasayansi.

Papita pafupi zaka makumi anai pamaso pa German wofufuza Alexander Kekule anapereka buku la chilinganizo structural lomwe lili benzene molekyulu. Iwo anali nawo nsinga zitatu awiri, kusonyeza zotheka unsaturated chikhalidwe cha katundu mankhwala hydrocarbon. Izi zinali zosemphana ndi kwenikweni alipo ankachita khalidwe pawiri wa chilinganizo C ₆ H ₆ ndi zinthu zina, mwachitsanzo, ndi bromine, asidi nitric, chlorine.

Pokhapokha powunikira mauthenga benzene molekyulu kasinthidwe dongosolo ake structural anaonekera lakuti benzene phata (mphete), ndipo iye anali ntchito m'njira zimapangidwira organic.

Pakompyuta kasinthidwe wa molekyulu C6H6

Kodi mtundu wa dongosolo okhudza malo ali benzene? Kapangidwe ka benzene anali potsiriza zikutsimikiziridwa ndi zochita ziwiri: trimerization wa acetylene kuti benzene ndi cyclohexane ndi kuchepetsa wa hydrogen. Anapeza kuti mpweya maatomu ndi inakula kupanga lathyathyathya hexagon ndipo ali SP ² mwakusakaniza ntchito yolankhulana ndi maatomu ena atatu a ma elekitironi anayi valence.

Asanu ndi mmodzi otsala ufulu tsa-ma elekitironi imakonzedwa perpendicular kwa ndege maselo. Alipo wina ndi mnzake, iwo apanga okwana elekitironi mtambo, wotchedwa benzene phata.

Khalidwe la mankhwala chomangira-kota

Izo ziri zodziwika bwino kuti thupi katundu ndi mankhwala mankhwala zimadalira kwenikweni kapangidwe awo mkati mitundu ya kumangidwa mankhwala pakati pa maatomu zimachitika. The elekitironi Kapangidwe ka benzene, n'zotheka kunena kuti molekyulu si kumangidwa yosavuta kapena awiri, amene angathe kuona chilinganizo Kekule. M'malo mwake, nsinga mankhwala pakati pa maatomu mpweya ndi ofanana. Komanso, ambiri π-elekitironi mtambo (onse asanu C maatomu) ndipamene mtundu mankhwala kugwirizana, wotchedwa mfumukazi, kapena onunkhira. Mfundo imeneyi imapangitsa katundu yeniyeni ya benzene mphete ndipo monga Motero, chikhalidwe cha mogwirizana mankhwala chimasanduka zonunkhira ndi zinthu zina.

thupi katundu

Arenes munali mu molekyulu ndi ochepa maatomu mpweya ankaimira zakumwa zambiri. Si yekha, ndi benzene. Kapangidwe ka benzene, monga ife kukumbukira, kusonyeza chikhalidwe chake maselo. Kodi mfundo zimenezi zimakhudza katundu wake?

Ndi kutsitsa kutentha kwa madzimadzi akudutsa mu gawo olimba ndi benzene ndi n'kukhala crystalline misa woyera. Izo mosavuta anasungunuka pa kutentha 5,5 ° C. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, thunthu ndi madzi colorless ndi fungo achilendo. kuwira ake kufika 80,1 ° C.

benzene kachulukidwe imasiyana malingana ndi kusintha kutentha. Kutentha ndi apamwamba, osalimba ndi zochepa. Nazi zitsanzo zingapo. Pa kutentha 10 ° kachulukidwe wa 0,8884 g / ml, ndi pa 20 ° - 0,8786 g / ml. benzene nonpolar mamolekyulu, kotero thunthu ndi insoluble m'madzi. Koma pawiri pawokha ndi chabwino organic zosungunulira Mwachitsanzo, mafuta.

Makamaka katundu benzene mankhwala

Icho chinakhazikitsidwa experimentally kuti phata onunkhira a benzene ndi wolimba, i.e. Iwo yodziwika ndi kukana mkulu akugwera. Ndipotu ikufotokoza thunthu mankhwala zochita za mtundu wa M'MALO Mwachitsanzo, ndi chlorine pansi zinthu zachilendo, ndi bromine acid nitric pamaso pa chothandizira ndi. Tikumbukenso benzene zonyamula wothandizila oxidising monga permanganate potassium bromine madzi. Izi kamodzinso zimatsimikizira sitili mu molekyulu m'bwalomo kumangidwa awiri. Okhwima makutidwe ndi okosijeni, mwinamwake kudziwika monga kuwotcha, khalidwe la chimasanduka onse onunkhira. Popeza kuchuluka zili mpweya mu molekyulu ndi, C ₆ H ₆ lalikulu, benzene wautsi lawi wamtundu uliwonse limodzi ndi mapangidwe particles mwaye. Zimene umabala mpweya woipa komanso madzi. An funso chidwi ndi: kodi hydrocarbon onunkhira anatani kugwirizana? Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri.

Chimene chimayambitsa benzene mphete kusiyana?

Kumbukirani kuti maselo mgwirizano arenes mfumukazi pano kuti chifukwa cha alipo wa asanu tsa ma elekitironi mpweya maatomu. Yankholo mtima wa benzene mphete. Kuti awononge ndi kuchititsa Kuwonjezera anachita, amafuna angapo zinthu zapadera monga kukhudzana ndi kuwala, kutentha ndi mavuto, catalysts. A chisakanizo cha benzene ndi chlorine amachitira kugwirizana pansi kanthu cheza ultraviolet. The mankhwala a mogwirizana uyu adzakhala hexachlorocyclohexane - poizoni galasi mankhwala ntchito ulimi monga tizilombo ndi. Mu hexachlorane molekyulu alibe mphete benzene, pa malo a chotupa zinachitika asanu kuphatikana maatomu chlorine.

The angagwiritsire ntchito benzene

M'mafakitale zosiyanasiyana mankhwala chimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga zosungunulira komanso ngati feedstock ntchito yokonza zina za vanishi, mapulasitiki, utoto monga zowonjezera mu mafuta galimoto. An osiyanasiyana kuposa ntchito ndi ofanana nawo a benzene ndi homologues zace. Mwachitsanzo, nitrobenzene, C ₆ H ₅ NO ₂ ndi reagent chachikulu aniline. Chifukwa cha m'malo anachita ndi chlorine mu kukhalapo kwa mankhwala enaake zotayidwa monga chothandizira anali okonzeka hexachlorobenzene. Izo ntchito chisanadze mankhwala a mbewu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito makampani nkhuni chitetezo nkhuni tizirombo. Homolog nitration wa benzene (toluene) analandira ndi zachiwawa, lotchedwa TNT kapena TNT.

M'nkhaniyi, ife kufufuza katundu wa totere onunkhira pawiri monga Kuwonjezera anachita ndi m'malo benzene kuyaka, ndipo amadziŵika ntchito makampani komanso ulimi.