Chidani: zaka ali. Dziko pa Cold nkhondo. mfundo yachilendo pa Cold Nkhondo

Mkangano pakati pa Union of Soviet Socialist ndi United States of America inatenga zaka zoposa 40 ndipo ankatchedwa "Chidani". Zaka anakhala Akuti ndi azambiriyakale osiyanasiyana m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Koma tikhoza motsimikiza kuti atasemphana inatha mu 1991, kugwa kwa USSR. Chidani anasiya chizindikiro kukoma m'mbiri ya dziko. nkhondo iliyonse kwa zaka za m'ma kale (pakutha pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse) m'pofunika kuziganizira mwa prism wa Cold nkhondo. Sizinali ngati mkangano wa maiko awiri. Zinali nkhondo pakati pa mfundo ziwiri lotsutsa, kulimbana nawo ulamuliro pa dziko.

The zifukwa

Chaka chiyambi cha Cold nkhondo - 1946 TH. Zinali akadzagonjetsedwa Nazi Germany aakulu mapu atsopano a dziko ndi Otsutsa watsopano kulamulira dziko lonse lapansi. Kugonjetsa ulamuliro wa Hitler ndi ogwirizana ake anapita magazi yaikulu ku Ulaya, makamaka Soviet Union. mkangano m'tsogolo kwambiri limasonyeza pa Conference Yalta mu 1945. Pa msonkhano umenewu unali wotchuka wa Stalin, Churchill ndi Roosevelt anaganiza tsoka la pambuyo nkhondo Europe. Pa nthawi iyi, Red Army akubwera ku Berlin, choncho kunali koyenera kubala otchedwa gulu la mitundu ya chikoka. asilikali Soviet, okoma polimba pa m'gawo lake, yotengekatengeka kumasulidwa kwa anthu ena a ku Ulaya. M'mayiko amene wotanganidwa Union, anakhazikitsa wochezeka ankhanza zokomera.

muzochitika za chikoka

Mmodzi wa awa unakhazikitsidwa mu Poland. Pankhaniyi, m'mbuyomo boma Polish ku London ndi linkadzitenga yovomerezeka. mayiko a azungu amapereka, koma anthu osankhidwa ndi Polish Communist Party de A facto analamulira dziko. Pa Conference Yalta, nkhani makamaka pachimake ankaona maphwando. Komanso, mavuto ofanana anali anati m'madera ena. Ku ukapolo anthu Nazi utakhala analenga maboma awo, ndi thandizo la USSR. Choncho, pambuyo kugonjetsa ulamuliro wa Hitler potsiriza kwaiye mapu a tsogolo la Europe.

Chipika chachikulu cha adani kale inayamba gulu la Germany. kum'mawa kwa wotanganidwa mphamvu Union, German Democratic Republic analengeza. Chakumadzulo Magawo, amene adatenga adani, anakhala m'gulu la Republic of Germany Federal. Pakati pa maboma awiriwa yomweyo anayamba feuds. The atasemphana pamapeto pake zinachititsa kuti kutsekedwa kwa malire pakati West ndi East Germany. Anayamba kazitape ndipo ngakhale upandu.

US utsamunda

Mu 1945 odana ndi Hitler Mgwirizano ogwirizana kupitiriza ntchito mosamala kwambiri. Awa anali machitidwe a kulanda akaidi a nkhondo (amene analamulira Nazi) ndi chuma. Komabe, chaka chamawa Chidani nkhondo. Zaka za exacerbation woyamba chimodzimodzi mu nthawi unawonongedwa. Iye anali chophiphiritsa chiyambi cha mawu Churchill mu mzinda US a Fulton. Ndiye pali mtumiki wa Britain akale, iye ananena kuti mdani yaikulu ya West ndi chikominisi ndi la Soviet Union, lomwe iye akuimira. Winston analimbikitsanso kogwirizanitsa maiko onse Chingelezi kuthana ndi "mliri wofiira". Mawu zotenga sanathe koma chifukwa anachita Moscow. Patapita nthawi, Iosif Stalin anapereka kuyankhulana kwa nyuzipepala "Pravda", limene anayerekezera mfundo English ndi Hitler.

Mayiko mu Cold nkhondo: midadada awiri

Komabe, ngakhale Churchill anali munthu payekha, chizindikiro okha njira ya maboma Western. United States kwambiri kuchuluka kukopa kwake pa dziko lonse. Izi zinachitika chifukwa cha mlili nkhondo. ntchito nkhondowo sanali ikuchitika pa nthaka American (kupatulapo Japanese zoponya mabomba kunkhondo). Choncho, pa maziko a States unawononge- Europe anali ndi chuma mwachilungamo amphamvu ndi ankhondo. Oopa chiyambi cha zisinthe anthu (omwe akanati amapereka mwa Soviet Union) m'gawo lake, maboma capitalist anayamba kusonkhanitsa kuzungulira United States. Zinali mu 1946 atamva lingaliro la asilikali NATO. Poyankha, Asovieti analenga pachikhalidwe chawo - ATS. Iwo unadza ngakhale chakuti zipani apanga njira nkhondo wina ndi mzake. Motsogoleredwa Churchill anali ndi dongosolo la nkhondo n'zotheka ndi Soviet Union. mapulani ofanana anali ndi la Soviet Union. Iwo anayamba kukonzekera nkhondo malonda ndi maganizo.

mtundu mikono

Mtundu manja pakati pa maiko awiri anali mmodzi wa zochitika kwambiri kuwulula zomwe anabweretsa Cold nkhondo. Zaka nkhondo zinachititsa kuti chilengedwe cha njira yapadera nkhondo yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito lero. Theka lachiwiri la 40s la US anali ndi mwayi waukulu - zida za nyukiliya. Mabomba woyamba ndi zokwana nyukiliya ankagwiritsa ntchito ngakhale pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Yoponya mabomba "Enola Gay" waponya mabomba mzindawo Japanese wa Hiroshima, womwe pafupifupi equalized pansi. Ndi pamene dziko anaona mphamvu yowononga zida za nyukiliya. The US anayamba mwachangu kuonjezera m'matangadza awo a zida zotere.

M'chigawo cha lapadera chinsinsi zasayansi analengedwa New Mexico. Pamaziko a phindu nyukiliya ndi kumanga mapulani njira naye m'tsogolo ndi USSR. Nsonga, nayenso anayamba mwachangu kukhala pulogalamu yake nyukiliya. America anakhulupirira pamaso pa milandu ndi Unakhala ureniamu, ndi mwayi waukulu. Choncho nzeru Mwamsanga anatenga zikalata zonse pa chitukuko cha zida za nyukiliya ku dera la anagonjetsa Germany mu 1945. Chinsinsicho anayamba posachedwapa "Dropshot" dongosolo. Ichi ndi chikalata njira, amene envisaged ndi kunyanyala nyukiliya pa Soviet Union. Malinga ndi mawu a olemba mbiri ena, Kusiyana kwa dongosolo lino Truman anapereka kangapo. Choncho anathetsa nthawi yoyamba ya zaka Cold nkhondo, amene anali wamng'ono silikuyenda bwino.

Union zida za nyukiliya

Mu 1949, USSR bwinobwino imachitika mayeso oyamba a kwa bomba pa malo mu Semipalatinsk, kodi nthawi yomweyo analengezeratu zonse zoterezi Western. Pangani RDS-1 (nyukiliya bomba) zidatheka kwakukulukulu chifukwa cha zochita za nzeru Soviet kuti atagonjetsa kuphatikizapo chinsinsi kutsimikizira pansi Los Alamosse.

Izi chitukuko mofulumira zida za nyukiliya Tinadabwa kwenikweni kwa United States. Kuyambira tsopano nyukiliya amene anali cholepheretsa chachikulu cha zimasemphana nkhondo pakati pa Aiguputo. Zachilendo Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki anasonyeza dziko mphamvu mantha ya bomba la atomiki. Koma m'chaka zimene Chidani nkhondo ndi owawa kwambiri?

Cuba chida mavuto

Mu zaka zonse za Cold nkhondo, kwambiri mtima kugogoda ndipo zinthu zinali mu 1961. Mkangano Soviet Union ndi United States anapita mu mbiri monga "Cuba chida Crisis". malo ake anali kale izi. Zonse zinayamba ndi kutumizgika US mivi nyukiliya ku Turkey. Milandu "Jupiter" anakonza kuti ife kugunda chandamale aliyense mu dera la kumadzulo kwa Russia (kuphatikizapo Moscow). vuto limeneli sanathe sayankhidwa.

Mu zaka zochepa chabe pamaso pa Cuba anayamba kusintha otchuka kutsogoleredwa ndi Fidel Castro. Choyamba, USSR sanaone chiyembekezo mu chiwembu cha. Komabe, anthu Cuba anakwanitsa kugonjetsa Batista boma. Pambuyo pake, akuluakulu US anati sadzalekerera, boma latsopano la Cuba. Mwamsanga zitachitika izo, pakati Moscow ndi Liberty Island anakhazikitsa pafupi asapita zamtendere. Cuba Soviet mayunitsi asilikali anali kutumizidwa.

Chiyambi cha mkangano

Pambuyo analamula zida za nyukiliya ku Turkey, boma la Russia anaganiza kukhwimitsa mwamsanga kutsutsa, kuyambira nthawi imeneyi zinali zosatheka kuchita Launch mivi nyukiliya ku United States ku dera la Union.

Choncho mwamsanga anayamba ntchito chinsinsi "Anadyr". Warship anali tasked kupulumutsa mivi losatha ku Cuba. Mu October, zombo woyamba anafika Havana. Iwo anayamba ziyangoyango ogwiritsa. Panthawi imeneyi US kazitape ndege anapanga ndege pa gombe. America anakwanitsa kutenga akatemera ochepa magulu mwatsatanetsatane, zida zake anatumizidwa ku Florida.

The vuto akuchuluka

Mwamsanga zitachitika izo, pa US asilikali zinawapangitsa tcheru mkulu. Kennedy unachitikira msonkhano pangozi. akuluakulu angapo okalamba analimbikitsa pulezidenti kuti yomweyo anayamba kuwukira kwa Cuba. Mu chochitika cha chitukuko choncho, Red Army akanati yomweyo anapezerapo mzinga-nyukiliya kuponya pa ndegeyo. Zimenezi zingachititse kuti lonse nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Choncho, mbali zonse anayamba kuyang'ana wololera zotheka. Pajatu aliyense ankadziwa zotsatira za zinthu Cold nkhondo. Zaka yozizira nyukiliya anali motsimikiza osati chiyembekezo bwino.

zinali yomangika kwambiri, izo zikanakhoza kwenikweni kusintha pa mphindi iliyonse. Malinga ndi magwero a mbiri yakale, mu nthawi iyi, Kennedy ngakhale kugona mu ofesi yake. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, a ku America kutsogoloku musankhepo - kuchotsa mabomba Soviet ku Cuba. Kenako anayamba anatseka misewu panyanja pachilumbachi.

Khrushchev analinso ndi msonkhano ofanana mu Moscow. Zingapo asilikali Soviet komanso analimbikira kuti zofuna Washington, ndipo zimene zinachitikira Achimereka amawateteza. Kuwawa kwa Union angakhale osati Cuba, koma Berlin kuti bwinobwino mu White House.

"Black Loweruka"

The vuto lalikulu la kunyanyala nyukiliya ku dziko pa Cold nkhondo kakusintha October 27, Loweruka. Pa tsiku lino, American U-2 reconnaissance ndege anawuluka pamwamba Cuba ndi anawomberedwa pansi ndi Soviet gunners odana ndi ndege. Patangopita maola zimene zinachitika anadziwika mu Washington.

Congress analangiza pulezidenti kugonjetsa yomweyo. Pulezidenti anaganiza kulemba kalata Khrushchev, kumene mobwerezabwereza zofuna zake. Khrushchev anayankha kalata mwakamodzi, povomera iwo, chosinthana chikole US kuti awalande Cuba ndi kuchotsa mabomba ku Turkey. Uthenga anafika mwamsanga - pempho anapangidwa kudzera pa wailesi. Pa chida mavuto Cuba inatha. Kuyambira pamenepo mphamvu ya zinthu anayamba pang'onopang'ono kuchepa.

Nazi atasemphana

mfundo yachilendo pa Chidani kwa mayunitsi onse anali yodziwika ndi osati mkangano ulamuliro pa magawo, koma nkhondo zambiri zolimba. machitidwe awiri osiyana anali kuyesera kuti asonyeze dziko ukulu wawo. Mu United States izo analengedwa ndi wotchuka "Radio Liberty", umene ukufalitsidwa pa dera la Soviet Union ndi ena mayiko zokomera. The cholinga cha bungwe uthenga anali kulimbana Bolshevism ndi chikominisi. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti "Radio Liberty" awonongedwa ndi ukugwira ntchito m'mayiko ambiri. Soviet Union pa Cold nkhondo nayenso analenga siteshoni nyama zimene womwaza ndi gawo la maiko capitalist.

Zochitika zonse kwambiri kwa anthu a theka lachiwiri la m'zaka lomaliza tikambirana nkhani ya Cold nkhondo. Mwachitsanzo, ndege ya malo Yuri Gagarin anali prepodneson dziko monga chigonjetso cha Socialist Labor. Mayiko amawononga zinthu zikuluzikulu pa mabodza. Kuwonjezera pa zothandizira ndi thandizo la chikhalidwe, panali maukonde lonse la wothandizira.

kazitape masewera

Espionage zokhota wa Cold m'nkhondo zaululidwa zimaonekera luso. Chinsinsi Service anapita zosiyanasiyana zidule kukhala sitepe imodzi patsogolo adani ake. Mmodzi wa milandu chidwi kwambiri - machitidwe "kuvomereza," amene ali ngati ofufuza nkhani mapulogalamu aukazitape.

Ngakhale nkhondo ya Soviet wasayansi Leo akuti analenga chopatsilira lapadera sikutanthauza recharging kapena mphamvu zoyendetsera. Zinali ngati makina lopitirira apaulendo. Kumvetsera chipangizo umatchedwa "Chrysostom". KGB mkulu patokha Beria anaganiza kukhazikitsa "Chrysostom" mu ofesiyo US. Chifukwa chaichi iwo unalengedwa chishango matabwa ndi chovala mikono ya United States. Ulendo kazembe US thanzi ana a msasa "Artek" wapadera mzere anakonza. Kumapeto kwa apainiya anaimba US fuko, kenako anakhudza kazembe anapereka pa malaya matabwa. Aliyense osadziŵa tsenga, anaika mu akaunti yanu. Chifukwa iyi zaka KGB 7 kuti nkhani yonse naye. Zikatero ndi lotseguka kwa anthu ndi chinsinsi, zinali akonzedwa kwambiri.

Chidani: zaka ndi

Mapeto a nkhondo pakati pa blocs awiri pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union, umene unatha zaka 45.

Mkangano pakati pa West ndi East wakhala lero. Komabe, dziko salinso ochititsa kuti, monga chochitika chilichonse chofunika mu dziko Moscow kapena Washington. Kodi chaka anali nkhondo ozizira kwambiri oopsa, ndi chinthu chapafupi ndi "otentha"? Olemba mbiri ndi ofufuza akadali sizigwirizana pa nkhani imeneyi. Ambiri amavomereza kuti nyengo ya "Cuba chida mavuto" pamene dziko linali pafupi nkhondo ya nyukiliya.